Pieniny Klippen Belt – Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals

Posted on May 2026May 2026 by GGCMJournal

ACCRETIONARY PALEOPRISM BETWEEN THE ALCAPA AND TISZA-DACIA TERRANES (Pieniny Klippen Belt and Monastyrets Nappe, Ukrainian Carpathians)

Home > Archive > No. 2 (202) 2026 > 31–45

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 2 (202) 2026, 31–45

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2026.202.031

Oleh HNYLKO
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine

e-mail: ohnilko@yahoo.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5983-952X

Abstract

New data obtained as a result of geological mapping conducted in recent years, together with the analysis of literary sources, made it possible to distinguish the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene active margin of the Alkapa microcontinental terrane. Fore-Alkapa accretionary wedge composed of both the Pieniny Klippen Belt and Monastyrets Nappe were assigned to the Alkapa margin. Syn-orogenic formations (coarse-grained deposits of the trench-like basins in front of the wedge) and post-orogenic formations (deposits of the wedge-top basins) were distinguished. Geological evolution was considered in the context of the development of the entire Carpathian region.

The sedimentary successions of the Pieniny Klippen Belt and Monastyrets Unit were deposited in the basin located between the Alcapa and Tisza-Dacia terranes. Pieniny Klippen Belt composed of intensively deformed deposits had been formed as an accretionary wedge in front of the Alcapa active margin in the pre-Eocene time. Deformed deposits of the Pieniny Klippen Belt are unconformably covered by the post-orogene Eocene wedge-top sediments (Vulhivchyk Formation). Pieniny accretionary wedge was progradated onto the Monastyrets Basin. The stratigraphic succession of the Monastyrets Unit is characterized by coarsening upward from the Paleocene–Eocene thin-bedded flysch up to the Middle–Upper Eocene syn-orogenic massive sandy deposits. In addition, there are shallowing upward of these deposits. These patterns are characteristic of a growing accretionary wedge. Wedge progradation cased detaching of the deposits, synsedimentary uplifting and shallowing of the Monastyrets basin. Finally, the Monastyrets Nappe was added to the Fore-Alcapa accretionary wedge. Closuring of the Monastyrets “between-terrainian” flysch basin at the late Eocene and progradation of the Fore-Alcapa wedge onto the continental slope of the Tisza-Dacia Terrane at the Oligocene suggest the collision of the Alcapa and Tisza-Dacia Terrane.

Full Text

Keywords

Ukrainian Carpathians, Alcapa and Tisza-Dacia terranes, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Monastyrets Nappe, accretionary wedge

Referenses

Artoni, A. (2013). The Pliocene-Pleistocene stratigraphic and tectonic evolution of the Central sector of the Western Periadriatic Basin of Italy. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 42, 82–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.10.005

Balla, Z. (1982). Development of the Pannonian basin basement through the Cretaceous-Cenozoic collision: A new synthesis. Tectonophysics, 88(1–2), 61–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(82)90203-7

Cawood, P. A., Kröner, A., Collins, W. J., Kusky, T. M., Mooney, W. D., & Windley, B. F. (2009). Accretionary orogens through Earth history. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 318, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP318.1

Csontos, L., & Nagymarosy, A. (1998). The Mid-Hungarian line: a zone of repeated tectonic inversions. Tectonophysics, 297(1–4), 51–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00163-2

Csontos, L., & Vörös, A. (2004). Mesozoic plate tectonic reconstruction of the Carpathian region. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 210(1), 1–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.02.033

Gnilko, O. M., Gnilko, S. R., & Generalova, L. V. (2015). Formirovanie struktur Utesovykh zon i mezhutesovogo flisha Vnutrennikh Ukrainskikh Karpat – rezultat sblizheniia i kollizii mikrokontinentalnykh terreinov. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Seriia 7, 2, 4–24. [in Russian]

Golonka, J., Krobicki, M., & Waśkowska, A. (2018). The Pieniny Klippen Belt in Poland. Geology, Geophysics and Environment, 44(1), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2018.44.1.111

Hnylko, O. M. (2012). Tektonichne raionuvannia Karpat u svitli tereinovoi tektoniky. Stattia 2. Flishovi Karpaty – davnia akretsiina pryzma. Heodynamika, 1(12), 67–78. https://doi.org/10.23939/jgd2012.01.067 [in Ukrainian]

Hnylko, O. M., & Hnylko, S. R. (2024). Tectonic-sedimentary evolution of the Dukla Nappe, Ukrainian Carpathians. Geologičnij žurnal, 4, 15–33. https://doi.org/10.30836/igs.1025-6814.2024.4.299015

Hnylko, O., Hnylko, S., Heneralova, L., Murovskaya, A., Bohdanova, M., Dvorzhak, O., & Navarivska, K. (2025). Junction area between the Western and Eastern Outer Carpathians (Ukraine) as the contact of two accretionary prisms: geological structure, sedimentary features and stratigraphy based on foraminifera. Geological Quarterly, 69(3), 29. https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1802

Hnylko, S. R. (2015). Stratyhrafiia za foraminiferamy paleotsenovo-eotsenovykh vidkladiv vnutrishnikh flishevykh pokryviv Zovnishnikh Ukrainskykh Karpat. Heolohichnyi zhurnal, 3(352), 87–100. https://doi.org/10.30836/igs.1025-6814.2015.3.139291 [in Ukrainian]

Hnylko, S., & Hnylko, O. (2016). Foraminiferal stratigraphy and palaeobathymetry of Paleocene–lowermost Oligocene deposits (Vezhany and Monastyrets nappes, Ukrainian Carpathians). Geological Quarterly, 60(1), 77–105. https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1247

Hnylko, S. R., Hnylko, O. M., Suprun, I. S., Navarivska, K. O., & Heneralova, L. V. (2023). Stratyhrafiia verkhnokreidovykh vidkladiv z okeanichnymy chervonokolirnymy verstvamy (CORBs), Ukrainski Karpaty. Heolohichnyi zhurnal, 3(384), 79–107. https://doi.org/10.30836/igs.1025-6814.2023.3.281067 [in Ukrainian]

Horvath, F., & Galacz, A. (Eds.). (2006). The Carpathian-Pannonian Region: A Reviev of Mesozoic-Cenozoic Stratigraphy and Tectonics: Vol. 1. Stratigraphy. Vol. 2. Geophysics, Tectonics, Facies, Paleogeography. Budapest: Hantken Press.

Kováč, M., Plašienka, D., Soták, J., Vojtko, R., Oszczypko, N., Less, G., Ćosović, V., Fügenschuh, B., & Králiková, S. (2016). Paleogene palaeogeography and basin evolution of the Western Carpathians, Northern Pannonian domain and adjoining areas. Global and Planetary Change, 140, 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.03.007

Kovács, I., Csontos, L., Szabó, Cs., Bali, E., Falus, Gy., Benedek, K., & Zajacz, Z. (2007). Paleogene-early Miocene igneous rocks and geodynamics of the Alpine-Carpathian-Pannonian-Dinaric region: An integrated approach. Geological Society of America, Special Paper, 418, 93–112. https://doi.org/10.1130/2007.2418(05)

Krobicki, M., Kruglov, S. S., Matyja, B. A., Wierzbowski, A., Albrecht, R., Bubniak, A. & Bubniak, I. (2003). Relation between Jurassic klippen successions in the Polish and Ukrainian parts of the Pieniny Klippen Belt. Mineralia Slovaca, 35, 56–58.

Matskiv, B. V., Pukach, B. D., Vorobkanych, V. M., Pastukhanova, S. V., & Hnylko, O. M. (2009). Derzhavna heolohichna karta Ukrainy masshtabu 1 : 200 000, arkushi M-34-XXXVI (Khust), L-34-VI (Baia-Mare), M-35-XXXI (Nadvirna), L-35-I (Visheu-De-Sus). Karpatska seriia. Poiasniuvalna zapyska. Kyiv: UkrDHRI. [in Ukrainian]

Murovskaya, A., Hnylko, O., Makarenko, I., Savchenko, O., Kitchka, A., Verpakhovska, O., & Legostaeva, O. (2026). Review and updates of the lithosphere structure and geodynamics evolution of the Neogene Transcarpathian Basin and its substratum (Ukraine). Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 554(1). https://doi.org/10.1144/SP554-2024-19

Mutti, E., Tinterri, R., Benevelli, G., di Biase, D., & Cavanna, G. (2003). Deltaic, mixed and turbidite sedimentation of ancient foreland basins. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 20(6–8), 733–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2003.09.001

Nagymarosy, A., & Båldi-Beke, M. (1993). The Szolnok Unit and its probable paleogeographic position. Tectonophysics, 226(1–4), 457–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90132-4

Oszczypko, N., & Oszczypko-Clowes, M. (2014). Geological structure and evolution of the Pieniny Klippen Belt to the east of the Dunajec River – a new approach (Western Outer Carpathians, Poland). Geological Quarterly, 58(4), 737–758. https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1177

Oszczypko, N., Oszczypko-Clowes, M., Golonka, J., & Krobicki, M. (2005). Position of the Marmarosh Flysch (Eastern Carpathians) and its relation to the Magura Nappe (Western Carpathians). Acta Geologica Hungarica, 48(3), 259–282. https://doi.org/10.1556/ageol.48.2005.3.2

Plašienka, D. (2018). Continuity and episodicity in the early Alpine tectonic evolution of the Western Carpathians: How large-scale processes are expressed by the orogenic architecture and rock record data. Tectonics, 37(7), 2029–2079. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017TC004779

Plašienka, D. (2019). Linkage of the Manín and Klape units with the Pieniny Klippen Belt and Central Western Carpathians: balancing the ambiguity. Ceologica Carpathica, 70(1), 35–61. https://doi.org/10.2478/geoca-2019-0003

Plašienka, D., & Soták, J. (2015). Evolution of Late Cretaceous-Palaeogene synorogenic basins in the Pieniny Klippen Belt and adjacent zones (Western Carpathians, Slovakia): tectonic controls over a growing orogenic wedge. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 85(1), 43–76. https://doi.org/10.14241/asgp.2015.005

Sandulescu, M. (1988). Cenozoic tectonic history of the Carpathians. In L. H. Royden & F. Horváth (Eds.), The Pannonian Basin: A study in basin evolution (AAPG Memoir, 45, 17–26). https://doi.org/10.1306/M45474C2

Schmid, S., Bernoulli, D., Fügenschuh, B., Matenco, L., Schefer, S., Schuster, R., Tischler, M., & Ustaszewski, K. (2008). The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaric orogenic system: correlation and evolution of tectonic units. Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 101, 139–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-008-1247-3

Schmid, S. M., Fügenschuh, B., Kounov, A., Maţenco, L., Nievergelt, P., Oberhansli, R., Pleuger, J., Schefer, S., Schuster, R., Tomljenović, B., Ustaszewski, K., & van Hinsbergen, D. J. J. (2020). Tectonic units of the Alpine collision zone between Eastern Alps and western Turkey. Gondwana Research, 78, 308–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.005

Tretiak, K. R., Maksymchuk, V. Yu., Kutas, R. I., Rokytianskyi, I. I., Hnylko, O. M., Kendzera, O. V., Pronyshyn, R. S., Klymkovych, T. A., Kuznietsova, V. H., Marchenko, D. O., Smirnova, O. M., Serant, O. V., Babak, V. I., Vovk, A. I., Romaniuk, V. V., & Tereshyn, A. V. (2015). Suchasna heodynamika i heofizychni polia Karpat ta sumizhnykh terytorii. Lviv: Vydavnytstvo Lvivskoi politekhniky. [in Ukrainian]

Vialov, O. S., Gavura, S. P., Danysh, V. V., Lemishko, O. D., Leshchukh, R. I., Ponomareva, L. D., Romaniv, A. M., Smirnov, S. E., Smolinskaia, N. I., & Tcarnenko, P. N. (1988). Stratotipy melovykh i paleogenovykh otlozhenii Ukrainskikh Karpat. Kiev: Naukova dumka. [in Russian]

Received: February 09, 2026
Accepted: February 26, 2026
Published: May 29, 2026

Posted on July 2024October 2024 by GGCMJournal

THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF THE PIENINY KLIPPEN BELT AND MARMAROSH KLIPPEN ZONE OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS: PALEOCEANOGRAPHY BY FORAMINIFERA

Home > Archive > No. 1–2 (193–194) 2024 > 81–94

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1–2 (193–194) 2024, 81–94

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2024.193-194.081

Ksenia NAVARIVSKA^{1, 2}, Oleh HNYLKO¹
¹Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: ohnilko@yahoo.com
²Lviv National Ivan Franko University, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: navarivska@gmail.com

Abstract

In presented article, on the basis of foraminiferal analysis and using the sedimentological data, the stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Pieniny Klippen Belt and the Marmarosh Klippen Zone is summarized and clarified, and the features of paleoceanography, in particular the paleobathymetry of sedimentatary basins, were reconstructed. An analysis of the taxonomic composition and morphological features of foraminifera were carried out, as well as of the planktonic/benthic ratio was calculated, on the basis of which the paleoenvironment for foraminifera were reconstructed.

Three types of deep-sea foraminiferal assemblages were identified in the studied sediments based on a comparison of the foraminiferal assemblages with the Upper Cretaceous biofacies of the Western Mediterranian and adjacent areas. The assemblages (1) of agglutinated foraminifera belonging to the deep-water agglutinated foraminifera (DWAF) are indicating a bathyal–abyssal below the calcite compensation depth (CCD). These assemblages were found only in the Marmarosh Klippen Zone in low-thickness (25 m) Turonian–Santonian red argillites in the lower part of the Puchov Formation, as well as in the flysch deposits of the Jarmuta Formation. Small-sized foraminifera with a fine-grained wall texture, which belong to the genera Ammodiscus, Haplophragmoides, Labrospira, Pseudobolivina, Plectorecurvoides, Praecystammina, Uvigerinammina, Gerochammina suggesting pelagic sedimentation below CCD are common in the lower part of the Puchov Formation in the Marmarosh Klippen Zone. The assemblages (2) are characteristic for the basin slope with depths above the CCD, and represented by mixed agglutinated, calcareous benthic and planktonic foraminifera. They are characterized by the predominance of the benthic specimens, which make up 70-80% of foraminiferal remains. Assemblages (2) were also found in sediments of the Marmarosh Klippen Zone, such as the upper part of the Santonian and Campanian sediments of the Puchov Formation. They contain siliceous or calcareous-siliceous DWAF (mainly genera Kalamopsis, Caudammina, Karrerulina, Spiroplectammina, Tritaxia, Dorothia, Marssonella), calcareous benthic foraminifera (mainly genera Pleurostomella, Eponides, Globorotalites, Anomalina, Reussella). Planktonic foraminifera have mainly large keeled shells typical for deep sea areas and belong to the genera Globotruncana, Globotruncanita, and Abathomphalus. The assemblages (3) are plankton-dominated with admixture of the DWAF and calcareous benthic foraminifera. The assemblages are characteristic of marls accumulated at depths above the CCD on continental slopes in the bathyal conditions of the open ocean. They are common in the Upper Cretaceous of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, where were found in the tops of the Tyssalo Formation (Cenomanian), Puchov Formation (Turonian–Maastrichtian), and Jarmuta Formation (Maastrichtian). Planktonic foraminifera have mainly large keeled shells, high species and genera diversity and belong to the family Rotaliporidae (Cenomanian), families Globotruncanidae, Globotruncanellidae (Turonian–Maastrichtian). Benthic foraminifera belong mainly to genera Caudammina, Tritaxia, Dorothia, Marssonella Eponides, Reussella.

The Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Ukrainian segment of the Pieniny Klippen Belt correspond to the sediments of the Czorsztyn sequence of its Polish segment, and were accumulated in the Czorsztyn submerged ridge (probably on its slope) located in the Alpine Tethys Ocean. The Upper Cretaceous deposits of the Marmarosh Klippen Zone were accumulated on the foot (Turonian – Santonian) and slope (uppermost Santonian – Campanian) of the another uplift such as the edge of the ancient Tisza-Dacia microcontinent, of which the Marmarosh Crystalline Massif is a part. Maastrichnian clastic sediments of the Jarmuta Formation were formed in the orogenic environments.

Full Text

Keywords

Ukrainian Carpathians, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Marmarosh Klippen Zone, Late Cretaceous, foraminifera, paleoceanography

Referenses

Birkenmajer, K. (1977). Jurassic and Cretaceous lithostratigraphic units of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, Carpathians, Poland. Studia Geologica Polonica, 45(1), 1–158.

Bohdanova, M. I., & Hnylko, O. M. (2022). Ofiolitoklastovi brekchii v rozrizi soimulskoi olistostromovoi tovshchi. Naukovi pratsi DonNTU. Seriia hirnycho-heolohichna, 1(27), 116–121. https://doi.org/10.31474/2073-9575-2022-1(27)-2(28)-116-121 [in Ukrainian]

BouDagher-Fadel, M. K. (2015). Biostratigraphic and geological significance of planktonic foraminifera. London: UCL Press. https://doi.org/10.14324/111.9781910634257

Dabagian, N. V. (1969). Foraminifera from the transition beds between Lower and Upper Cretaceous in the Ukrainian Carpathians. Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego, 39(Zeszyt 1‒3), 213‒223.

Golonka, J., & Krobicki, M. (2023). Field trip – Outer Flysch Carpathians and Pieniny Klippen Belt (PKB). Geotourism, 20(3‒4(74‒75), 5–17.

Golonka, J., Krobicki, M., & Waśkowska, A. (2018). The Pieniny Klippen Belt in Poland. Geology, Geophysics and Environment, 44(1), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.7494/geol.2018.44.1.111

Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M. D., & Ogg, G. M. (Eds.). (2020). Geologic Time Scale. Elsevier.

Hnylko, O. (2022). Heolohiia Subsilezkoho pokryvu v baseini r. Rika (Ukrainski Zovnishni Karpaty, Holiatynska struktura). Visnyk Lvivskoho universytetu. Seriia heolohichna, 36, 25–43. https://doi.org/10.30970/vgl.36.03 [in Ukrainian]

Hnylko, S., & Hnylko, O. (2016). Foraminiferal stratigraphy and palaeobathymetry of Paleocene-lowermost Oligocene deposits (Vezhany and Monastyrets nappes, Ukrainian Carpathians). Geological Quarterly, 60(1), 77–105. https://doi.org/10.7306/gq.1247

Hozhyk, P. F. (Ed.). (2013). Stratyhrafiia verkhnoho proterozoiu ta fanerozoiu Ukrainy: Vol. 1. Stratyhrafiia verkhnoho proterozoiu, paleozoiu ta mezozoiu Ukrainy. Kyiv: IHN NAN Ukrainy; Lohos. [in Ukrainian]

Hu, X. M., Wang, C. S., Scott, R. W., Wagreich, M., & Jansa, L. (Eds.). (2009). Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds: Stratigraphy, Composition, Origins and Paleoceanographic and Paleoclimatic Significance. SEPM, Special Publication, 91. https://doi.org/10.2110/sepmsp.091

Hurskyi, D. S., & Kruhlov, S. S. (Eds.). (2007). Tektonichna karta Ukrainy. Masshtab 1 :1 000 000. Poiasniuvalna zapyska. Kyiv: UkrDHRI. [in Ukrainian]

Krasheninnikov, V. A. (1974). Upper Cretaceous benthonic agglutinated foraminifera, Leg 27 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 27, 631–661. https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.27.132.1974

Krobicki, M., Kruglov, S. S., Matyja, B. A., Wierzbowski, A., Albrecht, R., Bubniak, A., & Bubniak, I. (2003). Relation between Jurassic klippen successions in the Polish and Ukrainian parts of the Pieniny Klippen Belt. Mineralia Slovaca, 35, 56–58.

Kuhnt, W., & Kaminski, M. (1989). Upper Cretaceous deep-water agglutinated benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the western Mediterranean and adjacent areas. Cretaceous of the western Tethys. In J. Wiedmann (Ed.), Proceedings 3rd International Cretaceous Symposium, Tubingen 1987 (pp. 91–120). Stuttgart: Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.

Matskiv, B. V., Kovalov, Yu. V., & Pukach, B. D. (2003). Derzhavna heolohichna karta Ukrainy masshtabu 1 : 200 000. Karpatska seriia. Uzhhorodska hrupa arkushiv: M-34-XXIX (Snina); M-34-XXV (Uzhhorod), L-34-V (Satu-Mare). Poiasniuvalna zapyska. Kyiv: Ministerstvo ekolohii i pryrodnykh resursiv Ukrainy; Derzhavne pidpryiemstvo “Zakhidukrheolohiia”. [in Ukrainian]

Murray, J. W. (1976). A method of determining proximity of marginal seas to an ocean. Marine Geology, 22(2), 103–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(76)90033-5

Navarivska, K. O. (2022). Biostratyhrafiia ta umovy nakopychennia pohranychnykh vidkladiv nyzhnoi i verkhnoi kreidy za dribnymy foraminiferamy (Peninska zona, Ukrainski Karpaty). Heolohichnyi zhurnal, 2(379), 86–99. https://doi.org/10.30836/igs.1025-6814.2022.2.253854 [in Ukrainian]

Navarivska, K. O. (2023). Kharakterystyka vidslonenykh rozriziv turonu–maastrykhtu Peninskoi zony Ukrainskykh Karpat za dribnymy foraminiferamy. Naukovi pratsi DonNTU. Seriia hirnycho-heolohichna, 2(30), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.31474/2073-9575-2023-2-30-80-89 [in Ukrainian]

Navarivska, K., Hnylko, S., & Heneralova, L. (2023). Turonian to Santonian Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy and Paleobathymetry of Non-calcareous Red Beds of the Vezhany Nappe (Ukrainian Inner Carpathians). In S. Bębenek, A. Waśkowska & M. A. Kaminski (Eds.), Eleventh International Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera. Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication, 26, 61–62.

Olszewska, B. (1997). Foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Polish Outher Carpathians: a record of basin geohistory. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 67, 325–337.

Oszczypko, N., Oszczypko-Cloves, M., Golonka, J., & Krobicki, M. (2005). Position of the Marmarosh Flysch (Eastern Carpathians) and its relation to the Magura Nappe (Western Carpathians). Acta Geologica Hungarica, 48(3), 259–282. https://doi.org/10.1556/ageol.48.2005.3.2

Plašienka, D., & Soták, J. (2015). Evolution of Late Cretaceous-Palaeogene synorogenic basins in the Pieniny Klippen Belt and adjacent zones (Western Carpathians, Slovakia): Tectonic controls over a growing orogenic wedge. Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 85(1), 43–76. https://doi.org/10.14241/asgp.2015.005

Ponomarova, L. D. (2007). Foraminifery kreidovykh vidkladiv Holiatynskoi struktury. In Paleontolohichni doslidzhennia v Ukraini: istoriia, suchasnyi stan ta perspektyvy: zbirnyk naukovykh prats Instytutu heolohichnykh nauk NAN Ukrainy (pp. 192–194). Kyiv. [in Ukrainian]

Schmid, S., Bernoull, D., Fugenschuh, B., Matenco, L., Schefer, S., Schuster, R., Tischler, M., & Ustaszewski, K. (2008). The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaric orogenic system: correlation and evolution of tectonic units. Swiss Journal of Geosciences, 101, 139–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-008-1247-3