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THE FAMOUS UKRAINIAN MINERALOGIST AND THERMOBAROGEOCHEMIST ZENON IVANOVYCH KOVALYSHYN (to the 90th anniversary of his birth)

Home > Archive > No. 1 (201) 2026 > 90–98

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1 (201) 2026, 90–98

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/

Ihor NAUMKO

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine

e-mail: naumko@ukr.net, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3735-047X

Abstract

The life path and creative achievements of the famous Ukrainian scientist in the field of mineralogy and thermobarogeochemistry, a well-known specialist and authoritative researcher of natural mineral formation processes, Zenon Ivanovych Kovalyshyn (28.02.1936–23.07.2006), Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Senior Researcher of the Department of Geochemistry of Deep Fluids and Director of the Research Enterprise of the Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the NAS of Ukraine, were discussed. The wide range of his research explorations covered mineral deposits of various genetic types in various regions of Ukraine (Ukrainian Shield, Transcarpathia, Dnieper-Donetsk Depression) and the former Soviet Union. The scientist’s precise studies of the composition of volatile components of fluid inclusions in minerals became the basis for elucidating the geochemical and thermobaric features of the processes of endogenous mineralogenesis, a significant contribution to thermobarogeochemistry – the fundamental science of inclusions in minerals. Zenon Kovalyshyn’s creative output includes about 120 scientific works, in particular three monograph. He is the author and co-author of more than 20 research and scientific and production reports, three new methods of prospecting and evaluation of mineral raw materials. The scientist gained well-deserved authority and recognition of the geological community of Ukraine, near and far abroad, worthily represented Ukrainian science at international, all-Union and domestic forums, generously shared his scientific achievements and ideas with young scientists, graduate students, and assisted in choosing the direction of research, interpretation and publication of results. A long-time employee of the Institute – a permanent place of work – Zenon Kovalyshyn worthily went from engineer to senior research associate, candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences, and unexpectedly and prematurely passed away on July 23, 2006. The Yaniv cemetery became the place of his eternal rest. We will preserve the bright memory of the famous scientist, an extraordinary personality, a sincere and sensitive person forever!

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Keywords

geology, mineralogy, thermobarogeochemistry, Zenon Kovalyshyn, Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Senior Researcher, 90 years old

Referenses

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GEOCHEMISTRY OF HALOGENESIS AND POST-SEDIMENTARY MINERALOGENESIS OF SELECTED EVAPORITE BASINS IN CHINA AND TURKEY IN RELATION TO THE FORMATION OF MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEXES

Home > Archive > No. 1 (201) 2026 > 63–89

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1 (201) 2026, 63–89

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/

Anatoliy GALAMAYa, Daria SYDORb, Sofiia MAKSYMUKc, Oksana OLIIOVYCH-HLADKAd

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine

a e-mail: galamaytolik@ukr.net, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4864-6401
b https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5704-3748
c https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6301-9988
d https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7678-1725

Abstract

Comprehensive studies of Messinian salt-bearing deposits of the Tuz Gölü Basin (Turkey) and Pleistocene deposits of the Qaidam Basin (China) have established the physicochemical causes of changes in brine composition in salt-forming basins and reconstructed the crystallization conditions of halite, glauberite, and polyhalite. These results contribute to the theoretical framework of salt mineralogenesis in applied evaporite studies and serve as geochemical criteria for predicting salt deposits. Particular attention to the identification of evaporite genesis was given to the preliminary investigation of the origin of fluid inclusions in halite.

According to the results of brine studies of fluid inclusions in halite from the Tuz Gölü Basin, the sources of salts in the basin were both continental and marine waters. A decrease in potassium concentration in basin brines is related to their interaction with organic matter and clay of continental origin. Since the concentration of sedimentary brines and their potassium content remained low throughout salt accumulation, this indicates a lack of potential for the occurrence of potash-bearing units within the salt sequence. The removal of sulfate ions and part of sodium from the brines at certain stages of basin evolution was caused by the formation of glauberite during periods of halted halite deposition. Repeated significant increases in sulfate ion concentrations in basin brines, followed by abrupt decreases, indicate favourable conditions for the occurrence of glauberite-bearing units within the depositional sequence.

According to the study of salt-bearing deposits of the Qaidam Basin, the principal mechanism of polyhalite formation was the salting-out of gypsum, which was transformed into polyhalite during the sedimentary stage. The sources of calcium in the sulfate-type salt-forming basin were continental fresh waters as well as pore and intercrystalline brines of chemogenic–terrigenous sediments. It was determined that the temperature regime of bottom brines during sedimentogenesis played a key role in the transformation of gypsum into polyhalite. Relics of potassium–magnesium minerals in the studied samples and elevated magnesium contents in the brines of secondary fluid inclusions indicate that part of the polyhalite may have formed through the replacement of sylvite and carnallite in the deposits due to calcium input from solutions associated with nearby oil accumulations. The established physicochemical conditions of polyhalite formation in the basin expand the theoretical understanding of polyhalite mineralization in fundamental and applied studies and represent geochemical criteria for predicting its deposits.

Detailed investigation of chemical paleooceanography, the features of salt mineral formation with specific chemical compositions in basins, and the discrimination between marine and continental salt-forming basins makes a significant contribution to understanding the genetic nature of evaporite-related mineral resources and to improving their future exploration and prediction.

Full Text

Keywords

fluid inclusions, halite, glauberite, polyhalite, sources of salts

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Received: January 21, 2026
Accepted: February 23, 2026
Published: April 2026

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ESTIMATION OF THE METHANE-GENERATING CAPACITY OF FOSSIL ORGANIC MATTER

Home > Archive > No. 1 (201) 2026 > 51–62

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1 (201) 2026, 51–62

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/

Yurii KHOKHAa, Oleksandr LYUBCHAKb, Myroslava YAKOVENKOc

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine

a e-mail: khoha_yury@ukr.net, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8997-9766
b e-mail: oleksandr.lyubchak@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0700-6929
c e-mail: myroslavakoshil@ukr.net, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8967-0489

Abstract

The methane-generative capacity of fossil organic matter (FOM) controls both the resource potential of sedimentary successions (natural gas) and the environmental implications of CH4 generation and migration. While equilibrium thermodynamic models provide an upper bound for methane yield, methane generation in geological settings is predominantly kinetic-controlled, and comprehensive equilibrium/kinetic reconstructions often require detailed structural inputs that are unavailable in routine practice.

Aim. To develop a minimal-parameter, chemically consistent framework for quantifying methane generation from FOM in the “solid organic matrix–fluid” system using measurable quantities and a kinetics-centered descriptor applicable under limited structural information.

Approach and methods. Methane formation is treated as a radical-controlled demethanation process, formalized by the rate expression d[CH4]/dt = k[CH3][H]. Here [CH3] denotes the amount of structural methyl fragments (–CH3) bound within the macromolecular matrix (kerogen/coal/peat), whereas [H] represents the pool of chemically bound donor hydrogen, excluding –OH and –COOH hydrogen in the baseline formulation. Conditions under which protonic (heterolytic) stages may become significant (high polarity, pore water, strong acidity/alkalinity, Lewis-acid catalysis, oxidants, transition metals, mineral surfaces, irradiation) are outlined, and it is shown that explicitly accounting for such pathways would substantially complicate the kinetic equation set. An analytical solution is discussed together with a practical reduction to an exponential law, [CH4] = [CH4]0 + [CH3]0 (1 − e−t/τ), where the characteristic time τ is defined from the initial slope of the methane accumulation curve CH4(t) and can be estimated graphically via the tangent at t = 0. The paper specifies an experimental–analytical workflow to determine [CH4]0 by gas chromatography and to quantify the –CH3 reservoir using direct structural methods: FTIR spectroscopy (integration of –CH3/–CH2 bands with spectral approximation and peak separation of overlapping features) and quantitative solid-state 13C MAS NMR (integration of methyl carbon at 0–22 ppm, with explicit separation of methoxyl O–CH3 at 55–60 ppm when peat/soils are considered). Product-oriented techniques (pyrolysis GC/GC-MS and Rock-Eval) are discussed as complementary controls of CH4 release during thermal decomposition.

Key results and interpretation. The proposed framework reduces methane-generative capacity to two experimentally anchored descriptors: the structural reservoir of methyl fragments and the kinetic parameter τ, interpreted as an integral measure of reactive-site accessibility and the overall rate of radical transformations in a given matrix. Using τ enables laboratory characterization within shortened observation windows, by passing the impracticality of directly determining k on geological time scales, and provides a consistent basis for comparing samples of different origin and maturity. The applicability domain is delineated, emphasizing external factors capable of shifting mechanisms and kinetics (O2, water, mineral/metal catalysis, oxidants, irradiation), and the necessity to discriminate aliphatic –CH3 from methoxyl O–CH3 in oxygen-rich matrices is highlighted.

Conclusion and significance. The study delivers an analytically transparent and experimentally verifiable route to quantify methane-generative capacity of FOM as the coupled outcome of a measurable –CH3 structural reserve and the characteristic time τ. The approach is suitable for comparative assessments across kerogen, coal, peat and soil organic matrices and provides a methodological foundation for further predictive modelling.

Full Text

Keywords

organic matter, kerogen, methane, methane generation, kinetics, FTIR, 13C MAS NMR, programmed pyrolysis

Referenses

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Johnson, R. L., & Schmidt-Rohr, K. (2014). Quantitative solid-state 13C NMR with signal enhancement by multiple cross polarization. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 239, 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2013.11.009

Kenney, J. F., Kutcherov, V. A., Bendeliani, N. A., & Alekseev, V. A. (2002). The evolution of multicomponent systems at high pressures: VI. The thermodynamic stability of the hydrogen–carbon system: The genesis of hydrocarbons and the origin of petroleum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(17), 10976–10981. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.172376899

Khokha, Yu., Liubchak, O., & Yakovenko, M. (2019). Termodynamika transformatsii kerohenu II typu. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 3(180), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2019.03.025 [in Ukrainian]

Khokha, Yu. V., Pavliuk, M. I., Yakovenko, M. B., & Liubchak, O. V. (2020). Termodynamichna rekonstruktsiia rezhymiv evoliutsii orhanichnoi rechovyny Dniprovsko-Donetskoi zapadyny. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats Instytutu heolohichnykh nauk NAN Ukrainy, 13, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.30836/igs.2522-9753.2020.215156 [in Ukrainian]

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Received: January 25, 2026
Accepted: February 20, 2026
Published: April 2026

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HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF OIL AND GAS OCCURRENCE AND ECOLOGICAL-GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE HYDROSPHERE OF THE BORYSLAV-POKUTTYA OIL AND GAS REGION

Home > Archive > No. 1 (201) 2026 > 37–50

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1 (201) 2026, 37–50

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/

Halyna MEDVIDa, Vasyl HARASYMCHUKb, Olha TELEHUZc, Ivanna KOLODIYd, Solomiia KALMUKe, Iryna SAKHNIUK f

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: igggk@mail.lviv.ua

a https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5059-245X
b https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4377-2655
c https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5761-7528
d https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6879-1051
e https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1350-9696
f https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6700-1532

Abstract

The interaction between geological structures and the hydrosphere in the process of hydrocarbon accumulation has been investigated. It has been established that the hydrogeochemical characteristics of aquifers in the Boryslav-Pokuttya oil and gas region are primarily determined by paleohydrogeological evolution and the degree of hydrogeological isolation. The geochemical composition of reservoir waters reflects a complex paleohydrogeological history, while hydrochemical zonation is disrupted by local inversions caused by tectonic, hydrodynamic, and geochemical processes, as well as by varying levels of aquifer system isolation.

Indirect hydrogeochemical indicators of oil and gas potential in the region include: high mineralization and metamorphism of waters, chloride-sodium or chloride-calcium-sodium composition, enrichment with trace elements and microcomponents, reduced sulfate content.

Gas-hydrogeochemical analysis revealed distinct patterns in the distribution of water-dissolved gases within productive complexes. “Dry” gases are typical of Oligocene–Miocene deposits at depths of 2600–3600 m, medium “dry” gases occur in Eocene–Miocene deposits (1200–4900 m), while “fat” gases (Ks < 50) are present throughout the productive section.

Geobaric features include superhydrostatic reservoir pressures in both aquifers and productive reservoirs, with maximum pressures located in the vaulted parts of folds overlain by thick clayey Miocene cover. Oil and gas fields exhibit a wide range of hydrostatic coefficient values, though hydrocarbon accumulations most often occur in areas with hydrostatic reservoir pressures. Deposits with high Kh generally contain smaller reserves, reflecting the limited elastic volume of reservoirs and fluids.

Groundwater in the Boryslav-Pokuttya oil and gas region predominantly belongs to the hydrocarbonate-calcium type. Exceedances of sanitary-chemical safety and drinking water quality standards were recorded for total hardness, permanganate oxidation, chloride concentration, and total dissolved salts, with occasional excesses in nitrate levels.

Surface waters of the district are mostly of hydrocarbonate-calcium composition, though individual samples of chloride-sodium, sulfate-sodium, and, less frequently, magnesium types were identified. Deviations from standards were observed in biochemical oxygen demand over 5 days (BOD5), dissolved oxygen, and permanganate oxidation indicators.

Full Text

Keywords

hydrogeology, paleohydrodynamic, hydrogeochemistry, gas hydrogeochemistry, oil and gas accumulations, surface and groundwater

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Received: January 16, 2026
Accepted: February 19, 2026
Published: April 2026

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GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE RAVINE- BEAM SYSTEM AREA ALONG KRYMSKA STREET (LVIV)

Home > Archive > No. 1 (201) 2026 > 21–36

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1 (201) 2026, 21–36

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/

Leonid KHOMYAKa, Milena BOHDANOVAb

Lviv Ivan Franko National University, Lviv, Ukraine

a e-mail: leonid.khomyak@lnu.edu.ua, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5944-9684
b e-mail: milena.bohdanova@lnu.edu.ua, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7850-4482

Abstract

In the technologically altered landscapes of residential areas of Lviv, there are areas with complex erosional and erosional-denudational relief, where information about the geological structure of the area can be obtained. The aim of the proposed study was to investigate the geological and geomorphological structure of the northern part of Snopkivsky Park, located near the ravine on Krymska Street. The objects of the study were deposits of the Cretaceous and Neogene periods, the groundwater horizon, and meso- and microforms of relief. The main objectives of the study were to determine the geological structure of the specified territory, to investigate the structure of the section and the lithological composition of Neogene deposits, their facies type, the hydrogeological conditions of groundwater occurrence, as well as the role of structural and lithological factors in the formation of the relief. Field geological and geomorphological methods allowed us to establish that the lower part of the ravine is covered with Upper Cretaceous marls, and the watershed spurs of the Lviv Plateau consist of Neogene deposits. The section of the Neogene system here is formed by three layers of constant stratigraphic sequence: I – sandy lithothamnion limestones (Baranivka layers), II – sands of the Mykolaiv layers with a large number of lithothamnion limestone fragments in the upper part, III – lithothamnion limestones of the Naraiv layers. Neogene thicknesses are disrupted by low‑amplitude faults with differential vertical displacements, imparting a block‑tectonic style. Enhanced fracturing and improved water permeability of rocks within areas of dynamic fault influence determined the locations of erosion relief forms and their development. These observations clarify the interplay of lithology, facies, and neotectonic segmentation in shaping erosional landforms on the Lviv Plateau.

Full Text

Keywords

Badenian regional stage, lithothamnic limestone, structural and geomorphic analysis, facies

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Received: December 09, 2025
Accepted: February 27, 2026
Published: April 2026

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ASPECTS OF LITHOGENESIS OF OIL- AND GAS-BEARING MESOZOIC-CENOZOIC SEQUENCE OF THE CARPATHIAN REGION

Home > Archive > No. 1 (201) 2026 > 5–20

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1 (201) 2026, 5–20

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/

Natalia RADKOVETSa, Yuriy KOLTUNb, Ihor POPPc, Marta MOROZd, Yuliia HAIEVSKAe, Halyna HAVRYSHKIV f, Petro MOROZg

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine

a e-mail: radkov_n@ukr.net, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1770-6996
b https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9884-5957
c https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7459-0037
d https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3695-2682
e https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8947-3913
f https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3376-8895
g https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5997-5768

Abstract

Although the Lower Cretaceous deposits of the northern slope of the Ukrainian Carpathians do not contain commercial hydrocarbon accumulations, but only individual oil and gas shows, the conducted studies have demonstrated that they remain a prospective object for further petroleum exploration. It has been established that in the sedimentary formations of the Upper Cretaceous, granular porous and mixed (pore-fractured) reservoirs with good filtration-capacity properties, associated with “Yamna-like” sandstones, are widespread. Mineralogical and petrographic studies of psammitic strata of the Paleocene and Eocene allowed us to study the features of their lithological and facial variability and to assess the patterns of distribution of these layers, both laterally and in the section within the Boryslav-Pokuttya and frontal nappes of the Skyba units of the Ukrainian Carpathians in terms of the prospects of their oil and gas bearing. The conducted reconstructions of the sedimentary environments of the Paleocene and Eocene flysch strata made it possible to establish the sources of terrigenous material entering the sedimentary basin. Lithological and geochemical studies of Oligocene sediments have allowed us to study the patterns of their facial variability, both in terms of the distribution of psammitic strata, which are reservoir rocks for oil and gas, and of the organic-rich Menilite beds. As studies have shown, the latter undergo significant changes in the direction from the Boryslav-Pokuttya and Skyba to the Krosno zone, changing not only the thickness and volume of oil and gas-generating rocks, but also their thermal maturity, and therefore the range of depths of oil and gas hydrocarbons generation zones. The Upper Jurassic sediments of the basement of the Outer zone of the Carpathian Foredeep represent one of the main oil and gas-bearing complexes of Western Ukraine. The conducted studies have allowed us to obtain new results regarding the patterns of distribution of different types of reservoir rocks within these strata.

Full Text

Keywords

Ukrainian Carpathians, Carpathian Foredeep, lithogenesis, facies, oil and gas generation potential, reservoir rocks

Referenses

Haievska, Yu. (2025). Litoloho-fatsialni ta mineraloho-petrohrafichni osoblyvosti vidkladiv eotsenu Ukraïnskykh Karpat. In Modern science: trends, challenges, solutions: proceedings of IV International scientific and practical conference (November 13–15, 2025) (pp. 329–338). Liverpool: Cognum Publishing House. https://sci-conf.com.ua/iv-mizhnarodna-naukovo-praktichna-konferentsiya-modern-science-trends-challenges-solutions-13-15-11-2025-liverpul-velikobritaniya-arhiv/ [in Ukrainian]

Havryshkiv, H. Ya., & Haievska, Yu. P. (2021). Fatsialni osoblyvosti paleotsen-eotsenovykh vidkladiv peredovykh skyb Skybovoi zony Ukrainskykh Karpat. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 3–4(185–186), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2021.03-04.044 [in Ukrainian]

Havryshkiv, H., & Radkovets, N. (2020). Paleocene deposits of the Ukrainian Carpathians: geological and petrographic characteristics, reservoir properties. Baltica, 33(2), 109–127. https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2020.2.1

Koltun, Y. V. (1992). Organic matter in Oligocene Menilite formation rocks of the Ukrainian Carpathians: palaeoenvironment and geochemical evolution. Organic Geochemistry, 18(4), 423–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(92)90105-7

Koltun, Yu. V. (2000). Heneratsiia vuhlevodniv u flishovykh vidkladakh Vnutrishnoi zony Peredkarpatskoho prohynu. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 4, 26–33. [in Ukrainian]

Kotarba, М. J., Bilkiewicz, E., Więcław, D., Radkovets, N. Y., Koltun, Y. V., Kowalski, A., Kmiecik, N., & Romanowski, T. (2020). Origin and migration of oil and natural gas in the central part of the Ukrainian outer Carpathians: Geochemical and geological approach. AAPG Bulletin, 104(6), 1323–1356. https://doi.org/10.1306/01222018165

Kotarba, М. J., Więcław, D., Bilkiewicz, E., Radkovets, N. Y., Koltun, Y. V., Kmiecik, N., Romanowski, T., & Kowalski, A. (2019). Origin and migration of oil and natural gas in the western part of the Ukrainian Outer Carpathians: Geochemical and geological approach. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 103, 596–619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.02.018

Krupskyi, Yu. Z., Kurovets, I. M., Senkovskyi, Yu. M., Mykhailov, V. A., Chepil, P. M., Dryhant, D. M., Shlapinskyi, V. Ye., Koltun, Yu. V., Chepil, V. P., Kurovets, S. S., & Bodlak, V. P. (2014). Netradytsiini dzherela vuhlevodniv Ukrainy: Kn. 2. Zakhidnyi naftohazonosnyi rehion. Kyiv: Nika-Tsentr. [in Ukrainian]

Moroz, M. V. (2023). Litohenez verkhnoiurskykh vidkladiv Zovnishnoi zony Peredkarpatskoho prohynu. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 3–4(191–192), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2023.191-192.105 [in Ukrainian]

Popp, I., Havryshkiv, H., Haievska, Yu., Moroz, P., & Shapovalov, M. (2023). Evoliutsiia umov sedymentohenezu v karpatskomu flishovomu baseini v kreidi–paleoheni. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 3–4(191–192), 86–104. https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2023.191-192.086 [in Ukrainian]

Popp, I., Moroz, P., & Shapovalov, M. (2019). Litoloho-heokhimichni typy kreidovo-paleohenovykh vidkladiv Ukrainskykh Karpat ta umovy yikhnoho formuvannia. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 4(181), 116–133. https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2019.04.116 [in Ukrainian]

Popp, I., Shapovalov, M., & Moroz, P. (2018). Mineralohichnyi ta heokhimichnyi aspekt problemy slantsevoho hazu (na prykladi chornykh arhilitiv zakhodu Ukrainy). Mineralohichnyi zbirnyk, 1(68), 184–186. [in Ukrainian]

Senkovskyi, Yu. M., Hryhorchuk, K. H., Koltun, Yu. V., Hnidets, V. P., Radkovets, N. Ya., Popp, I. T., Moroz, M. V., Moroz, P. V., Rever, A. O., Haievska, Yu. P., Havryshkiv, H. Ya., Kokhan, O. M., & Koshil, L. B. (2018). Litohenez osadovykh kompleksiv okeanu Tetis. Karpato-Chornomorskyi sehment. Kyiv: Naukova dumka. [in Ukrainian]

Senkovskyi, Yu. M., Koltun, Yu. V., Hryhorchuk, K. H., Hnidets, V. P., Popp, I. T., & Radkovets, N. Ya. (2012). Bezkysnevi podii okeanu Tetis. Karpato-Chornomorskyi sehment. Kyiv: Naukova dumka. [in Ukrainian]

Received: January 12, 2026
Accepted: February 23, 2026
Published: April 2026

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TO THE 90th ANNIVERSARY OF PETRO MYKHAYLOVYCH BILONIZHKA

Home > Archive > No. 3–4 (199–200) 2025 > 82–90

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 3–4 (199–200) 2025, 82–90

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2025.199-200.082

Ihor NAUMKO, Andriy POBEREZHSKYY, Nataliia BATSEVYCH, Halyna ZANKOVYCH

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: naumko@ukr.net; andriy.poberezhskyy@gmail.com; natalja_bats@ukr.net; zankovuch@gmail.com

Abstract

The pages of the life and scientific and educational activities of Petro Mykhailovych Bilonizhka, a well-known Ukrainian scientist, geologist, mineralogist and educator, candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences (PhD (Geology, Mineralogy)), associate professor of the Department of Mineralogy of the Lviv Ivan Franko National University, full member of the Shevchenko Scientific Society, honorary member of the Ukrainian Mineralogical Society, popularizer of science, expert and propagandist of the national history of Ukraine, active public figure are highlighted. The scientific interests of the hero of the day cover a wide range of issues of geology and mineralogy, terminology in mineralogy and geochemistry, history of science, training of specialists in the field of Earth sciences, which are set out in about 400 printed scientific works: monographs, textbooks, reference and informational and literary and journalistic publications, articles in scientific professional publications of Ukraine and other countries, research projects, reports at International and All-Ukrainian conferences. As a teacher, he skillfully transferred the acquired pedagogical and methodological experience, teaching and developing programs and methodological guidelines in multidisciplinary disciplines. The results of thorough scientific explorations of Petro Bilonizhka became the basis for his election as a full member of the Shevchenko Scientific Society and an honorary member of the Ukrainian Mineralogical Society, awarding him with medals, honorary diplomas, certificates and thanks. The creative partnership of the scientist and teacher with the Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Fuel Fossils of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, which became his first place of work, turned out to be fruitful; he is a co-author of monographs, articles, materials and abstracts of reports with the employees of the Institute, an official opponent of the candidate dissertations of numerous employees of our Institute. A long-time employee of the Geological Faculty, Petro Bilonizhka worthily went from a student to a teacher and a scientist, up to the well-deserved rest. Despite his advanced age, the veteran does not stop his creative work. From Dew and Water to You, dear Petro Mikhailovich, on Many and Blessed Summers in health and prosperity in peaceful unconquered Ukraine! Let him be lucky!

Full Text

Keywords

geology, mineralogy, Petro Bilonizhka, associate professor, candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences (PhD (Geology, Mineralogy)), scientist, teacher, anniversary, 90 years old

Referenses

Bilonizhka, P. (2017a). Heokhimichni zakonomirnosti formuvannia rodovyshch kaliinykh solei Peredkarpattia. Lviv: LNU imeni Ivana Franka. [in Ukrainian]

Bilonizhka, P. (2017b). Narysy z mineralohii Hirskoho Krymu (mezhyrichchia Bodraku i Kachi). Lviv: LNU imeni Ivana Franka. [in Ukrainian]

Bilonizhka, P. (2018). Heokhimiia biosfery. Lviv: LNU imeni Ivana Franka. [in Ukrainian]

Bilonizhka, P. (2019). Heokhimiia izotopiv: navchalnyi posibnyk. Lviv: LNU imeni Ivana Franka. [in Ukrainian]

Bilonizhka, P. (2020). Noosfera ta problemy yii rozvytku. Lviv: LNU imeni Ivana Franka. [in Ukrainian]

Bilonizhka, P. (2025). Voda v nezhyvii i zhyvii pryrodi. Lviv: Prostir-M. [in Ukrainian]

Bilonizhka, P., Matkovskyi, O., Naumko, I., & Slyvko, Ye. (2019). Anhelina Andriivna Yasynska. Lviv: LNU imeni Ivana Franka. [in Ukrainian]

Bilonizhka, P., Matkovskyi, O., Pavlun, M., & Slyvko, Ye. (2008). Heolohichnyi fakultet Lvivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni Ivana Franka (1945–2005): dovidkovo-informatsiine vydannia. Lviv: Vydavnychyi tsentr Lvivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu. [in Ukrainian]

Bilonizhka, P., Matkovskyi, O., Pavlun, M., & Slyvko, Ye. (2010). Heolohichnyi fakultet Lvivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni Ivana Franka (1945–2010): dovidkovo-informatsiine vydannia (Vydannia druhe, pereroblene i dopovnene). Lviv: Vydavnychyi tsentr Lvivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu. [in Ukrainian]

Kushnir, R., & Naumko, I. (2025). Nashi slavni NTShivski yuviliary. Petro Bilonizhka. Visnyk NTSh, 72, 106–137. [in Ukrainian]

Matkovskyi, O. I., Bilonizhka, P. M., Boiko, H. Yu., Vozniak, D. K., Halaburda, Yu. A., Hryniv, S. P., Didenko, O. V., Dudok, I. V., Kovalevych, V. M., Kulchytska, H. O., Skakun, L. Z., Srebrodolskyi, B. I., Khmelivskyi, V. O., Petrychenko, O. Y., Poberezhskyi, A. V., Senkovskyi, A. Yu., Danylovych, Yu. R., Remeshylo, B. H., Balabaieva, S. L., & Biruk, S. V. (2003). Mineraly Ukrainskykh Karpat. Boraty, arsenaty, fosfaty, molibdaty, sulfaty, karbonaty, orhanichni mineraly i mineraloidy (O. I. Matkovskyi, Ed.). Lviv: Vydavnychyi tsentr LNU imeni Ivana Franka. [in Ukrainian]

Matkovskyi, O., Bilonizhka, P., & Pavlyshyn, V. (2005). Akademik Yevhen Lazarenko. Narys pro zhyttievyi i tvorchyi shliakh, spohady, fotoalbom (I. Vakarchuk, Ed.). Lviv: Vydavnychyi tsentr LNU imeni Ivana Franka. [in Ukrainian]

Matkovskyi, O., Bilonizhka, P., & Pavlyshyn, V. (2012). Yevhen Lazarenko – vydatna postat KhKh stolittia (I. Vakarchuk, Ed.). Lviv: LNU imeni Ivana Franka. [in Ukrainian]

Matkovskyi, O., Bilonizhka, P., Skakun, L., & Slyvko, Ye. (2004). Kafedra mineralohii Lvivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni Ivana Franka (1864–2004): dovidkovo-informatsiine vydannia. Lviv: Vydavnychyi tsentr Lvivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu. [in Ukrainian]

Matkovskyi, O., Bilonizhka, P., Vozniak, D., Diakiv, V., Kovalchuk, M., Naumko, I., Popp, I., Semenenko, V., Skakun, L., Slyvko, Ye., Slovotenko, N., Stepanov, V., Tsikhon, S., & Kril, S. (2014). Mineraly Ukrainskykh Karpat. Protsesy mineraloutvorennia (O. Matkovskyi, Ed.). Lviv: LNU imeni Ivana Franka. [in Ukrainian]

Matkovskyi, O., Kvasnytsia, V., Naumko, I., Bilonizhka, P., Hrechanovska, O., Kvasnytsia, I., Melnykov, V., Popp, I., Skakun, L., Slyvko, Ye., Slovotenko, N., Bondar, R., Manchur, B., Matviishyn, Z., & Shemiakina, T. (2011). Mineraly Ukrainskykh Karpat. Sylikaty (O. Matkovskyi, Ed.). Lviv: LNU imeni Ivana Franka. [in Ukrainian]

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PROFESSOR TADEUSH MAREK PERYT (to the 75th anniversary of his birthday)

Home > Archive > No. 3–4 (199–200) 2025 > 73–81

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 3–4 (199–200) 2025, 73–81

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2025.199-200.073

Andriy POBEREZHSKYY, Ihor NAUMKO

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: andriy.poberezhskyy@gmail.com; naumko@ukr.net

Abstract

The life and creative path of Professor Tadeusz Marek Peryt, an outstanding Polish scientist, long-time director of the State Geological Institute of Poland, Corresponding Member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences as well as Foreign Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, is briefly described. Doctor habilitated Tadeusz Perytʼs scientific interests cover a wide range of fundamental problems of sedimentology, lithology, geochemistry, bio- and lithostratigraphy, geodynamics of the Phanerozoic as the basis for the search and exploration of oil and gas deposits, copper, salts, gypsum, sulfur, and other minerals, which he has covered in over 300 scientific papers, mainly in the scientometric databases Web of Science and Scopus, with a total number of citations exceeding 5760. Professor Tadeusz Marek Peryt is well known for his active international scientific and organizational activities. He has done a lot for the development of Polish geological periodicals, public organizations and scientific societies. Among the numerous awards of the outstanding geologist and scientist are also state-level awards, in particular, the Order of Polonia Restituta. Professor Tadeusz Marek Peryt has made and continues to make significant efforts to develop scientific cooperation between Polish and Ukrainian geologists, as an organizer of Ukrainian-Polish projects, internships of Ukrainian scientists in Poland, preparation of joint publications, conferences. The scientistʼs creative partnership with the Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, primarily with the Department of Geochemistry of Sedimentary Strata of Oil and Gas Provinces, and his work as a member of the editorial board of the Instituteʼs scientific journal “Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals” turned out to be especially fruitful. A great friend of Ukraine, the hero of the day unconditionally supported our state in the first days of the full-scale Russian invasion and continues to contribute to the stabilization of Polish-Ukrainian scientific contacts, which were complicated by the Russian-Ukrainian war, and we express our sincere gratitude to him for his words and the effectiveness of his support. “Many and Blessed Years!” “A hundred years, a hundred years, let him live, live for us. A hundred years, a hundred years, let him live, live for us. Once again, once again let him live, live for us. Let him live for us!”

Full Text

Keywords

geology, Tadeusz Marek Peryt, Professor, Doctor habilitated, Corresponding Member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, Foreign Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, anniversary, 75 years

Referenses

García-Veigas, J., Cendón, D. I., Pueyo, J. J., & Peryt, T. M. (2011). Zechstein saline brines in Poland, evidence of overturned anoxic ocean during the Late Permian mass extinction event. Chemical Geology, 290(3–4), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.09.016

Kiersnowski, H., Paul, J., Peryt, T., & Smith, D. (1995). Facies, paleogeography, and sedimentary history of the Southern Permian Basin in Europe. In P. A. Scholle, T. M. Peryt, D. S. Ulmer-Scholle (Eds.), The Permian of Northern Pangea: Vol. 2. Sedimentary Basins and Economic Resources (pp. 119–136). Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78590-0_7

Kiersnowski, H., Peryt, T. M., Buniak, A., & Mikołajewski, Z. (2010). From the intra-desert ridges to the marine carbonate island chain: middle to late Permian (Upper Rotliegend–Lower Zechstein) of the Wolsztyn–Pogorzela high, west Poland. Geological Journal, 45(2–3), 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1189

Kovalevich, V. M., Peryt, T. M., & Petrichenko, O. I. (1998). Secular variation in seawater chemistry during the Phanerozoic as indicated by brine inclusions in halite. Journal of Geology, 106(6), 695–712. https://doi.org/10.1086/516054

Kovalevych, V. M., Marshall, T., Peryt, T. M., Petrychenko, O. Y., & Zhukova, S. A. (2006). Chemical composition of seawater in Neoproterozoic: Results of fluid inclusion study of halite from Salt Range (Pakistan) and Amadeus Basin (Australia). Precambrian Research, 144, 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2005.10.004

Oszczypko, N., Krzywiec, P., Popadyuk, I., & Peryt, T. (2006). Carpathian Foredeep Basin (Poland and Ukraine): its sedimentary, structural, and geodynamic evolution. In J. Golonka, F. J. Picha (Eds.), The Carpathians and Their Foreland: Geology and Hydrocarbon Resources: AAPG Memoir, 84, 293–350. https://doi.org/10.1306/985612M843072

Peryt, T. M. (Ed.). (1983). Coated Grains. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68869-0

Peryt, T. M. (1984). Sedimentation and early diagenesis of the Zechstein Limestone in western Poland. Prace Instytutu Geologicznego, 109, 1–80.

Peryt, T. M. (1996). Sedimentology of Badenian (middle Miocene) gypsum in eastern Galicia, Podolia and Bukovina (West Ukraine). Sedimentology, 43(3), 571–588. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.1996.d01-26.x

Peryt, T. M. (2001). Gypsum facies transitions in basin-marginal evaporites: middle Miocene (Badenian) of west Ukraine. Sedimentology, 48(5), 1103–1119. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001.00410.x

Peryt, T. M. (2006). The beginning, development and termination of the Middle Miocene Badenian salinity crisis in Central Para-tethys. Sedimentary Geology, 188–189, 379–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.03.014

Peryt, T. M. (2018a). Audiatur et altera pars: on the issue of the execution of geological survey tasks – polemics. Przegląd Geologiczny, 66(10), 624–628.

Peryt, T. M. (2018b). Science and the national geological survey. Przegląd Geologiczny, 66(8), 475–476.

Peryt, T. M. (2019). Polish Geological Institute as the national geological survey – hundred years at the service for Poland. Przegląd Geologiczny, 67(7), 519–534.

Peryt, T. M., Geluk, M. C., Mathiesen, A., Paul, J., & Smith, K. (2010). Zechstein. In Petroleum geological atlas of the Southern Permian Basin area (pp. 123–147).

Peryt, T., & Gluszyński, A. (2020). Science in the national geological survey. Przegląd Geologiczny, 68(5), 312–318.

Peryt, T. M., Hałas, S., & Hryniv, S. P. (2010). Sulphur and oxygen isotope signatures of late Permian Zechstein anhydrites, West Poland: seawater evolution and diagenetic constraints. Geological Quarterly, 54(4), 387–400.

Peryt, T. M., & Kasprzyk, A. (1992). Earthquake-induced resedimentation in the Badenian (Middle Miocene) gypsum of southern Poland. Sedimentology, 39(2), 235–249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb01036.x

Peryt, T. M., & Kovalevich, V. M. (1997). Association of redeposited salt breccias and potash evaporites in the Lower Miocene of Stebnyk (Carpathian Foredeep, West Ukraine). Journal of Sedimentary Research, 67(5), 913–922. https://doi.org/10.1306/D4268676-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D

Peryt, T. M., Peryt, D., Jasionowski, M., Poberezhsky, A. V., & Durakiewicz, T. (2004). Post-evaporitic restricted deposition in the Middle Miocene Chokrakian-Karaganian of East Crimea (Ukraine). Sedimentary Geology, 170(1–2), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.04.003

Peryt, T. M., Poberezskі, A. W., Jasionowski, M., Petrіchenko, O. І., Peryt, D., & Ryka, W. (1994). Facje gypsów badeńskich Ponidzia i Naddniestrza. Przegląd Geologiczny, 42(9), 771–776.

Peryt, T. M., Poberezhskyi, A. V., Yasonovskyi, M., Petrychenko, O. Y., Lyzun, S. O., & Turchynov, I. I. (2004). Koreliatsiia badenskykh sulfatnykh vidkladiv Naddnistrovia. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 1, 56–69. [in Ukrainian]

Peryt, T. M., Raczyński, P., Peryt, D., & Chłódek, K. (2012). Upper Permian reef complex in the basinal facies of the Zechstein Limestone (Ca1), western Poland. Geological Journal, 47(5), 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.2440

Petrychenko, O. Y. (1995). Mizhnarodnyi sympozium “Miotsenovi evaporyty Tsentralnoho Paratetysu: fatsii, korysni kopalyn, problemy ekolohii”. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 1–2(90–91), 119–120. [in Ukrainian]

Petrychenko, O. Y., & Peryt, T. M. (2004). Geochemical conditions of deposition in the Upper Devonian Prypiac’ and Dnipro-Donets evaporite basins (Belarus and Ukraine). Journal of Geology, 112, 577–592. https://doi.org/10.1086/422667

Petrychenko, O. Y., Peryt, T. M., & Kovalevych, V. M. (2001). Vplyv khimichnoho skladu i mineralizatsii morskykh vod na intensyvnist nahromadzhennia bituminoznykh i fosfatonosnykh osadkiv v epikontynentalnykh baseinakh fanerozoiu. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 2, 75–89. [in Ukrainian]

Petrychenko, O. Y., Peryt, T. M., & Poberezhskyi, A. V. (1996). Informatyvnist rezultativ doslidzhen mikroorhanizmiv u krystalakh hipsu Peredkarpatskoho prohynu. Dopovidi NAN Ukrainy, 12, 130–134. [in Ukrainian]

Rosell, L., Orti, F., Kasprzyk, A., Playa, E., & Peryt, T. M. (1998). Strontium geochemistry of Miocene primary gypsum: Messinian of southeastern Spain and Sicily and Badenian of Poland. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 68(1), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.68.63

Scholle, P. A., Peryt, T. M., & Ulmer-Scholle, D. S. (Eds.). (1995). The Permian of Northern Pangea. Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer.

Wołkowicz, S., & Peryt, T. M. (2019). One hundred years of the Polish Geological Institute – an outline of the material history. Przegląd Geologiczny, 67(7), 507–518.

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ASSESSMENT OF THE ECOLOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL STATUS OF GROUNDWATER IN THE BORYSLAV-POKUTTIA ZONE OF THE CARPATHIAN FOREDEEP

Home > Archive > No. 3–4 (199–200) 2025 > 58–72

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 3–4 (199–200) 2025, 58–72

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2025.199-200.058

Olha TELEHUZ, Halyna MEDVID, Vasyl HARASYMCHUK

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: olga_teleguz@ukr.net

Abstract

Introduction. Assessment and study of the ecological and geochemical characteristics of groundwater and determination of their compliance with environmental standards is a relevant area of research, as these waters are used by the population for domestic and drinking purposes.

Purpose of the article. Analysis and assessment of ecological and geochemical indicators of groundwater within the Boryslav-Pokuttia Zone of the Carpathian Foredeep, identification of natural and anthropogenic influences, and determination of their compliance with environmental standards.

Research methods. The results of analytical determinations of 35 water samples from shallow wells and boreholes used by the population for domestic and drinking purposes are presented. To establish the status of groundwater, the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) standards for sanitary and chemical indicators of drinking water safety and quality, as well as indicators of physiological compliance with the mineral composition of drinking water, were utilized. Statistical, analytical, and graphical visualization methods were used to process and interpret the results of water analyses.

Results. The composition of the studied waters varies from hydrocarbonate calcium to chloride calcium-sodium. Statistical analysis of the data on the content of macroelements in groundwater showed abnormal variation in the concentrations of chlorine, sodium and potassium, mineralization and magnesium.

A close linear positive correlation between Pearsonʼs correlation coefficients between mineralization and concentrations of Na+ + K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl− and permanganate oxidability was established, indicating the presence of a single process of groundwater enrichment with these ions.

It has been established that the main processes affecting the geochemical composition of groundwater are water-rock interaction and evaporation, which is particularly clearly illustrated by two samples from wells in the Volia Blazhivska village.

The graphs showing the interdependence of sodium and chlorine concentrations demonstrate increased concentrations of these ions in groundwater, which are caused by the dissolution of halite and the amount of atmospheric precipitation. The graph of the ratio (HCO3− + SO42−) and (Ca2+ + Mg2+) indicates the dominance of cation exchange processes in the studied aquifer.

Conclusions. It has been established that the main factors influencing the chemical composition of groundwater within the Boryslav-Pokuttia Zone of the Carpathian Foredeep are water-rock interaction, evaporative concentration and anthropogenic impact. Exceedances of sanitary and chemical safety and quality standards for drinking water have been identified in terms of total hardness, permanganate oxidisability, chloride content, total salt content and nitrate content. Non-compliance with the standards for the physiological adequacy of the mineral composition of drinking water is recorded for calcium, potassium, sodium, total salt content, total hardness, alkalinity and magnesium content, which makes them of limited suitability for human consumption. However, the majority of samples showed no deviations from the normative values for the indicators assessed.

Full Text

Keywords

macrocomponent composition, ecological and geochemical indicators, water quality, oil and gas bearing area

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ASSESSMENT OF SANITARY AND CHEMICAL INDICATORS OF SPRING WATERS OF THE CITY OF LVIV AND ITS SURROUNDINGS

Home > Archive > No. 3–4 (199–200) 2025 > 44–57

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 3–4 (199–200) 2025, 44–57

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2025.199-200.044

Solomiia KALMUK, Halyna MEDVID, Vasyl HARASYMCHUK, Olha TELEHUZ, Iryna SAKHNIUK, Orysia MAYKUT

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: solomiya.kalmuk@gmail.com

Abstract

In this article, the authors examined 15 sources in Lviv and the surrounding area. Sanitary-chemical indicators and quality of spring waters were assessed. It is established that in 2024 оnly 2 springs are suitable for human consumption: “Spartak” and the source in Bryukhovychy. In all other springs many water quality indicators exceed the maximum permissible concentration (MPC): mineralisation, hardness, sulfates, calcium and nitrates. In two sources (High Castle and “Green Eye”) we observe an excess of nitrates. In the spring on Bilogorshcha we observe a slight excess of the mineralization index. Мost of the investigated waters are very hard, source “Spartak” – moderately hard. Nitrite and ammonium content was not detected in any water sample. The concentration of sodium ions in all sources of the city of Lviv and its surroundings is within normal limits and does not exceed the MPC. Chlorides are determined within normal limits in all selected samples, no exceedance of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) is observed. Sulfates are present in all samples, but only in the source on Bilogorshcha they exceed the MPC norm by 1.5 times. Most of Lviv’s springs are calcium bicarbonate in composition. And only the source on Bilogorshcha is atypical in chemical composition – calcium sulfate. Such indicators are probably related to water-bearing rocks – gypsoanhydrite deposits of the Tyrrhenian Badenian aquifer.

A comparative analysis of ten popular sources in the city of Lviv was conducted over 14–15 years. The “Spartak” spring has remained suitable for human consumption for 18 years and the water from this spring meets the requirements for drinking water. The source in front of Vynnyky Lake was suitable for human consumption in 2010, but in 2024, due to an excess of calcium ions, it became unfit for consumption. Other springs also remain unfit for human consumption. Significant changes are observed in the nitrate content in the spring in Stryisky Park: over the past 15 years, the concentration of nitrates has decreased sixfold and no longer exceeds the MPC. Positive dynamics in the purification of the mineral composition of groundwater are observed in the springs at High Castle (the content of Calcium and nitrates is still above the MPC) and in Stryisky Park (the concentration of Calcium and hardness is above the MPC). The spring in Kleparov would have good characteristics, but the high calcium content excludes it from being suitable for human consumption and provokes an increase in hardness.

Full Text

Keywords

aquifer, sanitary and chemical indicators, hydrogen index, mineralisation, water hardness, drinking water, springs of Lviv and its surroundings

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