GGCMJournal – Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals

Posted on May 2026May 2026 by GGCMJournal

ON THE QUESTION OF THE INFLUENCE OF MIGRATING FLUIDS ON THE FORMATION CONDITIONS OF VEIN MINERALS OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS

Home > Archive > No. 2 (202) 2026 > 98–110

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 2 (202) 2026, 98–110

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2026.202.098

Dina HOLOVCHENKO
State institution “Scientific Center of Mining Geology, Geoecology and infrastructure development of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine”, Kyiv, Ukraine

e-mail: dinka666999@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6206-6651

Abstract

Research on fluid migration, particularly hydrocarbon fluids, in various geological structures of Ukraine is one of the leading directions for determining their influence on the development and genesis of mineral deposits. The formation of vein mineral complexes is one of the indicators of post-formational processes of fluid transfer of matter and mechanisms of fracture healing in sedimentary rocks, and it is characteristic of the terrigenous flysch deposits of the Dukla and Krosno structural-facial units of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The formation of mineral veins represented by calcite and quartz, including the “Marmarosh diamonds” type, in the deposits of the region’s flysch formation during the Oligocene-Miocene period was influenced by regional fluid-dynamic processes. The formation of several generations of secondary inclusions in “Marmarosh diamonds” indicates that the transverse Rakhiv-Tysia deep fault, within the zone of influence of which the studied veins are located, developed under conditions of periodic stress release, resulting in the formation of fault dislocations. Considering the cyclical (stage-by-stage) process of filling fault dislocations with mineral matter, quartz crystals formed during the final stages of the vein structure development within the zone of influence of the Rakhiv-Tysia transverse deep fault. The results obtained allow for the determination of specific local and regional mineral formation trends characteristic of the Krosno and Dukla structural-tectonic zones. The data obtained from complex precision studies should be applied as a prospecting criterion for hydrocarbon accumulations within the region.

Full Text

Keywords

vein minerals, fluid inclusions, hydrocarbons, Krosno zone, Dukla nappe, Rakhiv-Tysia deep fault, Ukrainian Carpathians

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Received: April 24, 2026
Accepted: May 11, 2026
Published: May 29, 2026

Posted on May 2026June 2026 by GGCMJournal

INFLUENCE OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MARINE AND CONTINENTAL WATERS ON THE FORMATION OF CLAY MINERALS OF EVAPORITIC FORMATIONS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CARPATHIAN FOREDEEP AND THE SALT RANGE FORMATION (PAKISTAN)): A REVIEW

Home > Archive > No. 2 (202) 2026 > 76–97

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 2 (202) 2026, 76–97

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2026.202.076

Yaroslava YAREMCHUK^a, Sofiya HRYNIV^b, Nadiia HORODECHNA^c, Liudmyla BILYK^d
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine

^ae-mail: slava.yaremchuk@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3952-6356
^bhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9721-1290
^chttps://orcid.org/0009-0003-8389-5953
^dhttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-8692-3437

Abstract

The influence of the chemical composition of marine and continental waters on the formation and transformation of clay minerals is examined using the Miocene evaporites of the Carpathian Foredeep and the Upper Neoproterozoic-Lower Cambrian evaporites of the Salt Range Formation (Pakistan) as case studies. Evidence for continental-water inflow in the Miocene evaporitic deposits of the Carpathian region is recorded in all facies based on geochemical indicators and, in the gypsum–anhydrite and halite facies, also by clay mineral assemblages atypical for these settings.

The principal controls on clay-mineral transformation under hypersaline conditions are identified, with brine concentration in both the evaporitic basin and buried deposits being the dominant factor, while interaction with organic matter against a background of volcanic activity represents the second most important control. Clay minerals from both the Badenian rock salt and the Upper Neoproterozoic-Lower Cambrian marls of the Salt Range Formation interacted with epigenetic organic matter: in the Carpathian region, regional thrusting created migration pathways for bitumens into Miocene evaporites, whereas the Sawal marl succession likewise contains bituminous layers and is regarded as a petroleum source rock.

Genetic affinities and differences among clay-mineral assemblages formed at successive stages of brine concentration in the Upper Neoproterozoic-Lower Cambrian evaporitic basin of the Salt Range Formation are demonstrated. The presence of identical intermediate transformation products indicates that the same controlling factors operated in the Biliyanwala salt succession as in the Sawal marl succession, whereas the absence of defective structures and the higher crystallinity of clay minerals in the salt unit confirm the decisive role of brine concentration in governing transformation processes.

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Keywords

clay minerals, aggradational and degradational transformation, interaction with organic matter, evaporitic deposits, supergene zone, Salt Range, marls

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Received: February 09, 2026
Accepted: February 25, 2026
Published: May 29, 2026

Posted on May 2026May 2026 by GGCMJournal

INFLUENCE OF THE PORE STRUCTURE OF FOSSIL ORGANIC MATTER ON METHANOGENESIS IN FREE-CHAIN RADICAL REACTIONS

Home > Archive > No. 2 (202) 2026 > 62–75

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 2 (202) 2026, 62–75

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2026.202.062

Myroslava YAKOVENKO^a, Yurii KHOKHA^b, Oleksandr LYUBCHAK^c
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine

^ae-mail: myroslavakoshil@ukr.net, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8967-0489
^be-mail: khoha_yury@ukr.net, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8997-9766
^ce-mail: oleksandr.lyubchak@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0700-6929

Abstract

The paper considers the role of pore structure in the formation of local thermobaric conditions that may support methane generation in fossil organic matter through chain free-radical reactions. The gas–organic matter system is treated as a heterogeneous dispersed medium in which nano-, micro- and mesopores cannot be described only by bulk pressure and temperature. A dimensionless pore-pressure coefficient π = P_p/P_∞ is used, where P_p is the pore pressure and P_∞ is the geostatic pressure. The value π = 1 corresponds to equality between pore and geostatic pressures, whereas π < 1 indicates a pore-pressure deficit; therefore, 1 − π can be interpreted as a relative measure of rarefaction. Model data are analysed for pore diameters of 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1000 nm within the depth range 0–10 km. Additional trends are discussed for peat and brown coal, medium-rank coal and anthracite under heat flows of 40 and 100 mW/m². The results show that pore size is the main factor controlling the deviation of pore pressure from geostatic pressure. In pores of 0.5–2 nm, π remains far below unity even at a depth of 10 km, whereas pores of 100–1000 nm approach a quasi-equilibrium state. A higher heat flow slightly lowers π in small pores and can promote the formation of free radicals, but this effect is secondary to the geometric restriction imposed by pore size and shape. The evolution from peat and brown coal to anthracite is therefore interpreted not only as a change in sorption capacity and transport properties, but also as a change in the abundance of local pore domains favourable to the mechanical destruction of organic matter, radical stabilization, and methane generation. The proposed interpretation links pore-scale pressure heterogeneity with the kinetics of homolytic reactions and provides a basis for further quantitative modelling of methane formation in a three-phase coal matrix.

Full Text

Keywords

coal, peat, anthracite, porosity, methane, pore pressure, rarefaction, free radicals, geostatic pressure, heat flow

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Received: April 21, 2026
Accepted: May 08, 2026
Published: May 29, 2026

Posted on May 2026May 2026 by GGCMJournal

DEPRESSION SEDIMENTS OF THE UPPER JURASSIC – LOWER CRETACEOUS CARBONATE COMPLEX IN UKRAINIAN PRECARPATHIANS

Home > Archive > No. 2 (202) 2026 > 46–61

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 2 (202) 2026, 46–61

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2026.202.046

Natalia ZHABINA¹, Olena ANIKEYEVA²
¹Institute of Geological Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

e-mail: zhabinanatalia@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2759-2010

²Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine

e-mail: geolena@ukr.net, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8177-4304

Abstract

In the western part of Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous carbonate complex of Ukrainian Precarpathians, are the depression sediments, represented by open shelf deposits and reef destruction products. They were opened by wells in area adjacent to the Krakovets fault, their recorded length reaches 100 km. Numerous oil-shows and small deposits are known in the upper part.

Since the depressional formations of the Upper Jurassic are promising for hydrocarbons, detailed comprehensive studies are a necessary prerequisite for the effectiveness of further geological work. A detailed characteristic of these sediments is also necessary for regional and interregional correlation.

Based on the analysis and comparison of a complex of published data and the results of our microfaunal and microfacies studies, the structure and composition of depression formations of the Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous carbonate complex in Ukrainian Precarpathians have been clarified. They consist of the forereef facies of Oxfordian (Boniv suite), Kimmerigian (Morantsy suite), Tithonian – Lower Berriasian (Lower subsuite of Carolina suite) and the open-marine formations of Upper Berriasian – Early Valanginian. (Upper subsuite of Carolina suite). These deposits extend in a narrow strip along the Krakovets fault and with regional erosion are covered by Neogene sediments. The full section of depression sediments has been opened by five wells. A detailed lithological and paleontological characteristic of these sediments at the macro- and microscopic levels is provided, zoning by foraminifera and tintinnids is characterized, correlative microfacies with planktonic microorganisms are determined.

The occurrence of depression deposits is prognosed under the thrust structures of the Carpathians. It expands the prospects of oil and gas potential of the region and needs further comprehensive research by various geological and geophysical methods.

Full Text

Keywords

Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous, depression deposits, lithological and paleontological composition, sedimentation conditions, Ukrainian Precarpathians

Referenses

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Received: April 18, 2026
Accepted: April 28, 2026
Published: May 29, 2026

Posted on May 2026May 2026 by GGCMJournal

ACCRETIONARY PALEOPRISM BETWEEN THE ALCAPA AND TISZA-DACIA TERRANES (Pieniny Klippen Belt and Monastyrets Nappe, Ukrainian Carpathians)

Home > Archive > No. 2 (202) 2026 > 31–45

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 2 (202) 2026, 31–45

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2026.202.031

Oleh HNYLKO
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine

e-mail: ohnilko@yahoo.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5983-952X

Abstract

New data obtained as a result of geological mapping conducted in recent years, together with the analysis of literary sources, made it possible to distinguish the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene active margin of the Alkapa microcontinental terrane. Fore-Alkapa accretionary wedge composed of both the Pieniny Klippen Belt and Monastyrets Nappe were assigned to the Alkapa margin. Syn-orogenic formations (coarse-grained deposits of the trench-like basins in front of the wedge) and post-orogenic formations (deposits of the wedge-top basins) were distinguished. Geological evolution was considered in the context of the development of the entire Carpathian region.

The sedimentary successions of the Pieniny Klippen Belt and Monastyrets Unit were deposited in the basin located between the Alcapa and Tisza-Dacia terranes. Pieniny Klippen Belt composed of intensively deformed deposits had been formed as an accretionary wedge in front of the Alcapa active margin in the pre-Eocene time. Deformed deposits of the Pieniny Klippen Belt are unconformably covered by the post-orogene Eocene wedge-top sediments (Vulhivchyk Formation). Pieniny accretionary wedge was progradated onto the Monastyrets Basin. The stratigraphic succession of the Monastyrets Unit is characterized by coarsening upward from the Paleocene–Eocene thin-bedded flysch up to the Middle–Upper Eocene syn-orogenic massive sandy deposits. In addition, there are shallowing upward of these deposits. These patterns are characteristic of a growing accretionary wedge. Wedge progradation cased detaching of the deposits, synsedimentary uplifting and shallowing of the Monastyrets basin. Finally, the Monastyrets Nappe was added to the Fore-Alcapa accretionary wedge. Closuring of the Monastyrets “between-terrainian” flysch basin at the late Eocene and progradation of the Fore-Alcapa wedge onto the continental slope of the Tisza-Dacia Terrane at the Oligocene suggest the collision of the Alcapa and Tisza-Dacia Terrane.

Full Text

Keywords

Ukrainian Carpathians, Alcapa and Tisza-Dacia terranes, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Monastyrets Nappe, accretionary wedge

Referenses

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Received: February 09, 2026
Accepted: February 26, 2026
Published: May 29, 2026

Posted on May 2026May 2026 by GGCMJournal

BITUMINOUS COAL OF THE DNIEPER BROWN COAL BASIN

Home > Archive > No. 2 (202) 2026 > 19–30

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 2 (202) 2026, 19–30

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2026.202.019

Ariadna IVANOVA^a, Lyudmyla ZAITSEVA^b, Viktor GAVRYLTSEV ^c
Institute of Geological Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

^ae-mail: ariadna.v.ivanova@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6540-5605
^be-mail: l.b.zaitseva@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-3139
^ce-mail: gavriltsev@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4234-2282

Abstract

The coal in the Dnieper brown coal basin contains high-quality bitumen, which is a raw material used in the production of lignite wax for a number of industries. A quantitative assessment of the variability of bituminousness from a number of indicators, with a possible genetic interpretation, revealed a dependence of bitumen yield on the petrographic composition of coal, as well as on some of its chemical and technological parameters. A positive correlation was found between bituminousness and the content of microcomponents of the liptinite group (primarily bituminite-desmite), the yield of volatiles, and the elemental composition of coal. Conversely, an inverse dependence was found between bitumen content and ash content and ash-forming components, as well as between bitumen content and humic acids. Insignificant correlations of bitumen with some rare elements in the Verkhniodniprovske deposit were revealed. Based on an analysis of the distribution of bitumen across the Verkhnyodniprovske deposit, as well as the Leifman – Vassoevich and Werner coefficient values, it can be concluded that marine conditions stimulate the transformation of organic matter, particularly the formation of bitumen. A slight decrease in bituminosity was detected in the marginal parts of the Verkhnyodneprovske deposit. It is hypothesised that these areas of peatland were situated on the slopes of an erosion-tectonic paleovalley, where the impact of seawater on the transformation of organic matter was less significant. The positive impact of marine conditions on bitumen formation is also illustrated on the example of the Novomyrhorod, Myronivske and Orativske deposits. No dependence of bituminosity was found on the thickness of the seam, the rocks of the roof and base, or the depth of its occurrence.

Full Text

Keywords

brown coal, bituminosity, wax, resin, rare and trace elements

Referenses

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Received: March 9, 2026
Accepted: April 21, 2026
Published: May 29, 2026

Posted on May 2026May 2026 by GGCMJournal

ASSESSMENT OF THE PROSPECTS OF METHANE PRODUCTION FROM THE COAL-BEARING SERIES OF THE TYAGLIV DEPOSIT OF THE LVIV-VOLYN BASIN ACCORDING TO GEOLOGICAL CRITERIA

Home > Archive > No. 2 (202) 2026 > 5–18

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 2 (202) 2026, 5–18

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2026.202.005

Iryna BUCHYNSKA
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine

e-mail: ibuchynska@ukr.net, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8154-4485

Abstract

An important factor in overcoming the crisis in the economy of Ukraine during the post-war reconstruction period is the proper provision of the economy’s needs in mineral and raw materials resources and their effective use.

In the geological and industrial assessment of coal deposits, they should be considered as complex coalbed methane. Coalbed methane as an unconventional source of hydrocarbons can be an alternative to electricity production by burning coal and a valuable energy and chemical raw material that can be successfully used in the energy and chemical industries.

The complex of factors influencing the total gas content (methane content) of a coalbed is analyzed and summarized: the complexity of the geological and tectonic structure of the territory; the degree of coal bearing capacity; the degree of metamorphism; gas capacity, composition and physicochemical properties of coal; porosity, sorption properties, density, permeability and fracturing of coal and host rocks; depth of coal seams; presence and thickness of overlying sediments; hydrogeological conditions; occurrence of methane weathering zone.

Purpose: assessment of methane production prospects of the coal-bearing stratum of the Tyagliv deposit (mine field Tyagliv No. 1) of the Lviv-Volyn basin according to geological criteria.

The Tyagliv deposit is the most gas-bearing in the Lviv-Volyn basin. The distribution of gases is characterized by extreme instability in area and depends on the tectonic structure. The article considers the gas-bearing and technogolic features of coal seams and Carbonaceous sandstones of the Serpukhovian and Bashkirian Carboniferous stages. Within the Tyagliv No. 1 mine field, coal seams b₄, n₉, n₈^в, n₈, n₇^в, n₇ (Buzhanskaya Formation of the Middle Carboniferous) and intervals of Carbonaceous sandstones belonging to the Serpukhovian Lower Carboniferous (n₀⁶Sn₇) and the Bashkirian Middle Carboniferous (n₈Sn₉, n₉Sb₁, b₁Sb₄). were studied. Gas-bearing schemes of these objects are presented. Based on the presented material, an assessment of the prospects of the area of the Tyagliv No. 1 mine field was made, taking free and sorbed gas in coal-bearing strata into account.

According to all the proposed geological criteria, the coal-bearing strata of the mine field Tyagliv No. 1 may be promising for methane production. Taking into account the geological and exploration characteristics, we can speak of real prospects for independent methane production.

Full Text

Keywords

Lviv-Volyn coal basin, Tyagliv deposit, coal seam, coal-bearing stratum, gas content, criteria

Referenses

Buchynska, I. V. (2010). Litolohichnyi sklad, kolektorski vlastyvosti ta hazonosnist piskovykiv kamianovuhilnoho viku Lvivsko-Volynskoho vuhilnoho baseinu (pole shakhty Tiahlivska № 1). Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 2(151), 30–35. [in Ukrainian]

Buchynska, I., & Matrofailo, M. (2021). Perspektyvy naroshchuvannia mineralno-syrovynnoi bazy Lvivsko-Volynskoho kamianovuhilnoho baseinu. Hirnycha heolohiia ta heoekolohiia, 1, 5–23. https://doi.org/10.59911/mgg.2786-7994.2020.1.234260 [in Ukrainian]

Buchynska, I. V., Matrofailo, M. M., Poberezhskyi, A. V., & Stupka, O. O. (2023). Heolohichna kharakterystyka ta perspektyvy osvoiennia metanovuhilnoho Tiahlivskoho rodovyshcha Lvivsko-Volynskoho kamianovuhilnoho baseinu. In Nadrokorystuvannia v Ukraini. Perspektyvy investuvannia: materialy Vosmoi mizhnarodnoi naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii (9–12 zhovtnia 2023 r., m. Lviv) (pp. 325–330). Derzhavna komisiia Ukrainy po zapasakh korysnykh kopalyn. [in Ukrainian]

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Received: March 12, 2026
Accepted: March 27, 2026
Published: May 29, 2026

Posted on April 2026April 2026 by GGCMJournal

GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE RAVINE- BEAM SYSTEM AREA ALONG KRYMSKA STREET (LVIV)

Home > Archive > No. 1 (201) 2026 > 21–36

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1 (201) 2026, 21–36

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2026.201.021

Leonid KHOMYAK^a, Milena BOHDANOVA^b
Lviv Ivan Franko National University, Lviv, Ukraine

^ae-mail: leonid.khomyak@lnu.edu.ua, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5944-9684
^be-mail: milena.bohdanova@lnu.edu.ua, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7850-4482

Abstract

In the technologically altered landscapes of residential areas of Lviv, there are areas with complex erosional and erosional-denudational relief, where information about the geological structure of the area can be obtained. The aim of the proposed study was to investigate the geological and geomorphological structure of the northern part of Snopkivsky Park, located near the ravine on Krymska Street. The objects of the study were deposits of the Cretaceous and Neogene periods, the groundwater horizon, and meso- and microforms of relief. The main objectives of the study were to determine the geological structure of the specified territory, to investigate the structure of the section and the lithological composition of Neogene deposits, their facies type, the hydrogeological conditions of groundwater occurrence, as well as the role of structural and lithological factors in the formation of the relief. Field geological and geomorphological methods allowed us to establish that the lower part of the ravine is covered with Upper Cretaceous marls, and the watershed spurs of the Lviv Plateau consist of Neogene deposits. The section of the Neogene system here is formed by three layers of constant stratigraphic sequence: I – sandy lithothamnion limestones (Baranivka layers), II – sands of the Mykolaiv layers with a large number of lithothamnion limestone fragments in the upper part, III – lithothamnion limestones of the Naraiv layers. Neogene thicknesses are disrupted by low‑amplitude faults with differential vertical displacements, imparting a block‑tectonic style. Enhanced fracturing and improved water permeability of rocks within areas of dynamic fault influence determined the locations of erosion relief forms and their development. These observations clarify the interplay of lithology, facies, and neotectonic segmentation in shaping erosional landforms on the Lviv Plateau.

Full Text

Keywords

Badenian regional stage, lithothamnic limestone, structural and geomorphic analysis, facies

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Received: December 09, 2025
Accepted: February 27, 2026
Published: April 21, 2026

Posted on April 2026April 2026 by GGCMJournal

ESTIMATION OF THE METHANE-GENERATING CAPACITY OF FOSSIL ORGANIC MATTER

Home > Archive > No. 1 (201) 2026 > 51–62

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1 (201) 2026, 51–62

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2026.201.051

Yurii KHOKHA^a, Oleksandr LYUBCHAK^b, Myroslava YAKOVENKO^c
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine

^ae-mail: khoha_yury@ukr.net, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8997-9766
^be-mail: oleksandr.lyubchak@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0700-6929
^ce-mail: myroslavakoshil@ukr.net, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8967-0489

Abstract

The methane-generative capacity of fossil organic matter (FOM) controls both the resource potential of sedimentary successions (natural gas) and the environmental implications of CH₄ generation and migration. While equilibrium thermodynamic models provide an upper bound for methane yield, methane generation in geological settings is predominantly kinetic-controlled, and comprehensive equilibrium/kinetic reconstructions often require detailed structural inputs that are unavailable in routine practice.

Aim. To develop a minimal-parameter, chemically consistent framework for quantifying methane generation from FOM in the “solid organic matrix–fluid” system using measurable quantities and a kinetics-centered descriptor applicable under limited structural information.

Approach and methods. Methane formation is treated as a radical-controlled demethanation process, formalized by the rate expression d[CH₄]/dt = k[CH₃][H]. Here [CH₃] denotes the amount of structural methyl fragments (–CH₃) bound within the macromolecular matrix (kerogen/coal/peat), whereas [H] represents the pool of chemically bound donor hydrogen, excluding –OH and –COOH hydrogen in the baseline formulation. Conditions under which protonic (heterolytic) stages may become significant (high polarity, pore water, strong acidity/alkalinity, Lewis-acid catalysis, oxidants, transition metals, mineral surfaces, irradiation) are outlined, and it is shown that explicitly accounting for such pathways would substantially complicate the kinetic equation set. An analytical solution is discussed together with a practical reduction to an exponential law, [CH₄] = [CH₄]₀+ [CH₃]₀ (1 − e^−t/τ), where the characteristic time τ is defined from the initial slope of the methane accumulation curve CH₄(t) and can be estimated graphically via the tangent at t = 0. The paper specifies an experimental–analytical workflow to determine [CH₄]₀ by gas chromatography and to quantify the –CH₃ reservoir using direct structural methods: FTIR spectroscopy (integration of –CH₃/–CH₂ bands with spectral approximation and peak separation of overlapping features) and quantitative solid-state ¹³C MAS NMR (integration of methyl carbon at 0–22 ppm, with explicit separation of methoxyl O–CH₃ at 55–60 ppm when peat/soils are considered). Product-oriented techniques (pyrolysis GC/GC-MS and Rock-Eval) are discussed as complementary controls of CH₄ release during thermal decomposition.

Key results and interpretation. The proposed framework reduces methane-generative capacity to two experimentally anchored descriptors: the structural reservoir of methyl fragments and the kinetic parameter τ, interpreted as an integral measure of reactive-site accessibility and the overall rate of radical transformations in a given matrix. Using τ enables laboratory characterization within shortened observation windows, by passing the impracticality of directly determining k on geological time scales, and provides a consistent basis for comparing samples of different origin and maturity. The applicability domain is delineated, emphasizing external factors capable of shifting mechanisms and kinetics (O₂, water, mineral/metal catalysis, oxidants, irradiation), and the necessity to discriminate aliphatic –CH₃ from methoxyl O–CH₃ in oxygen-rich matrices is highlighted.

Conclusion and significance. The study delivers an analytically transparent and experimentally verifiable route to quantify methane-generative capacity of FOM as the coupled outcome of a measurable –CH₃ structural reserve and the characteristic time τ. The approach is suitable for comparative assessments across kerogen, coal, peat and soil organic matrices and provides a methodological foundation for further predictive modelling.

Full Text

Keywords

organic matter, kerogen, methane, methane generation, kinetics, FTIR, ¹³C MAS NMR, programmed pyrolysis

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Received: January 25, 2026
Accepted: February 20, 2026
Published: April 21, 2026

Posted on April 2026April 2026 by GGCMJournal

GEOCHEMISTRY OF HALOGENESIS AND POST-SEDIMENTARY MINERALOGENESIS OF SELECTED EVAPORITE BASINS IN CHINA AND TURKEY IN RELATION TO THE FORMATION OF MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEXES

Home > Archive > No. 1 (201) 2026 > 63–89

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1 (201) 2026, 63–89

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2026.201.063

Anatoliy GALAMAY^a, Daria SYDOR^b, Sofiia MAKSYMUK^c, Oksana OLIIOVYCH-HLADKA^d
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine

^ae-mail: galamaytolik@ukr.net, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4864-6401
^bhttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-5704-3748
^chttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-6301-9988
^dhttps://orcid.org/0009-0005-7678-1725

Abstract

Comprehensive studies of Messinian salt-bearing deposits of the Tuz Gölü Basin (Turkey) and Pleistocene deposits of the Qaidam Basin (China) have established the physicochemical causes of changes in brine composition in salt-forming basins and reconstructed the crystallization conditions of halite, glauberite, and polyhalite. These results contribute to the theoretical framework of salt mineralogenesis in applied evaporite studies and serve as geochemical criteria for predicting salt deposits. Particular attention to the identification of evaporite genesis was given to the preliminary investigation of the origin of fluid inclusions in halite.

According to the results of brine studies of fluid inclusions in halite from the Tuz Gölü Basin, the sources of salts in the basin were both continental and marine waters. A decrease in potassium concentration in basin brines is related to their interaction with organic matter and clay of continental origin. Since the concentration of sedimentary brines and their potassium content remained low throughout salt accumulation, this indicates a lack of potential for the occurrence of potash-bearing units within the salt sequence. The removal of sulfate ions and part of sodium from the brines at certain stages of basin evolution was caused by the formation of glauberite during periods of halted halite deposition. Repeated significant increases in sulfate ion concentrations in basin brines, followed by abrupt decreases, indicate favourable conditions for the occurrence of glauberite-bearing units within the depositional sequence.

According to the study of salt-bearing deposits of the Qaidam Basin, the principal mechanism of polyhalite formation was the salting-out of gypsum, which was transformed into polyhalite during the sedimentary stage. The sources of calcium in the sulfate-type salt-forming basin were continental fresh waters as well as pore and intercrystalline brines of chemogenic–terrigenous sediments. It was determined that the temperature regime of bottom brines during sedimentogenesis played a key role in the transformation of gypsum into polyhalite. Relics of potassium–magnesium minerals in the studied samples and elevated magnesium contents in the brines of secondary fluid inclusions indicate that part of the polyhalite may have formed through the replacement of sylvite and carnallite in the deposits due to calcium input from solutions associated with nearby oil accumulations. The established physicochemical conditions of polyhalite formation in the basin expand the theoretical understanding of polyhalite mineralization in fundamental and applied studies and represent geochemical criteria for predicting its deposits.

Detailed investigation of chemical paleooceanography, the features of salt mineral formation with specific chemical compositions in basins, and the discrimination between marine and continental salt-forming basins makes a significant contribution to understanding the genetic nature of evaporite-related mineral resources and to improving their future exploration and prediction.

Full Text

Keywords

fluid inclusions, halite, glauberite, polyhalite, sources of salts

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Received: January 21, 2026
Accepted: February 23, 2026
Published: April 21, 2026