Tag: halite

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GEOCHEMISTRY OF HALOGENESIS AND POST-SEDIMENTARY MINERALOGENESIS OF SELECTED EVAPORITE BASINS IN CHINA AND TURKEY IN RELATION TO THE FORMATION OF MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEXES

Home > Archive > No. 1 (201) 2026 > 63–89

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1 (201) 2026, 63–89

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2026.201.063

Anatoliy GALAMAYa, Daria SYDORb, Sofiia MAKSYMUKc, Oksana OLIIOVYCH-HLADKAd

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine

a e-mail: galamaytolik@ukr.net, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4864-6401
b https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5704-3748
c https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6301-9988
d https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7678-1725

Abstract

Comprehensive studies of Messinian salt-bearing deposits of the Tuz Gölü Basin (Turkey) and Pleistocene deposits of the Qaidam Basin (China) have established the physicochemical causes of changes in brine composition in salt-forming basins and reconstructed the crystallization conditions of halite, glauberite, and polyhalite. These results contribute to the theoretical framework of salt mineralogenesis in applied evaporite studies and serve as geochemical criteria for predicting salt deposits. Particular attention to the identification of evaporite genesis was given to the preliminary investigation of the origin of fluid inclusions in halite.

According to the results of brine studies of fluid inclusions in halite from the Tuz Gölü Basin, the sources of salts in the basin were both continental and marine waters. A decrease in potassium concentration in basin brines is related to their interaction with organic matter and clay of continental origin. Since the concentration of sedimentary brines and their potassium content remained low throughout salt accumulation, this indicates a lack of potential for the occurrence of potash-bearing units within the salt sequence. The removal of sulfate ions and part of sodium from the brines at certain stages of basin evolution was caused by the formation of glauberite during periods of halted halite deposition. Repeated significant increases in sulfate ion concentrations in basin brines, followed by abrupt decreases, indicate favourable conditions for the occurrence of glauberite-bearing units within the depositional sequence.

According to the study of salt-bearing deposits of the Qaidam Basin, the principal mechanism of polyhalite formation was the salting-out of gypsum, which was transformed into polyhalite during the sedimentary stage. The sources of calcium in the sulfate-type salt-forming basin were continental fresh waters as well as pore and intercrystalline brines of chemogenic–terrigenous sediments. It was determined that the temperature regime of bottom brines during sedimentogenesis played a key role in the transformation of gypsum into polyhalite. Relics of potassium–magnesium minerals in the studied samples and elevated magnesium contents in the brines of secondary fluid inclusions indicate that part of the polyhalite may have formed through the replacement of sylvite and carnallite in the deposits due to calcium input from solutions associated with nearby oil accumulations. The established physicochemical conditions of polyhalite formation in the basin expand the theoretical understanding of polyhalite mineralization in fundamental and applied studies and represent geochemical criteria for predicting its deposits.

Detailed investigation of chemical paleooceanography, the features of salt mineral formation with specific chemical compositions in basins, and the discrimination between marine and continental salt-forming basins makes a significant contribution to understanding the genetic nature of evaporite-related mineral resources and to improving their future exploration and prediction.

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Keywords

fluid inclusions, halite, glauberite, polyhalite, sources of salts

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Received: January 21, 2026
Accepted: February 23, 2026
Published: April 21, 2026

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THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FLUID INCLUSIONS BRINE IN HALITE OF EVAPORITE DEPOSITS IN WENKOU DEPRESSION (PRC) IN THE CONTEXT OF SALT MINERALOGENESIS

Home > Archive > No. 1–2 (197–198) 2025 > 57–74

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1–2 (197–198) 2025, 57–74

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2025.197-198.057

Anatoliy GALAMAY1, Fanwei MENG2, Daria SYDOR1

1 Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: galamaytolik@ukr.net
2 China University of Mining and Technology (CUMT), Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China, e-mail: fwmeng@isl.ac.cn

Abstract

The chemical composition of brines of fluid inclusions of different genesis has established the peculiarities of mineralogenesis of the Wenkou Depression of the Dawenkou Basin. The content of K+, Mg2+ and SO42− in sedimentary brines ranged from 27.6 to 32.9, 41.5 to 32.7, and 66.6 to 33.3 g/l, respectively. The obtained data on the chemical composition of sedimentary brines and the values of δ34S (+10.9…+35.7 ‰) and δ18O (+14.7…+19.4 ‰) of anhydrite do not exclude the influence of marine transgressions on the continental halogenation of the Dawenkou Basin. The main source of sulfate in the Basin was ancient evaporites in the Yi-Meng Mountains of Shandong Province, which were eroded by surface waters. At the post-sedimentation stage, the salt strata were heated to temperatures of about 45 and 63 ℃. Halite recrystallization occurred at elevated pressure, which was tens of times higher than normal atmospheric pressure.

Weakly mineralized waters enriched in Ca(HCO3)2, which entered the basin, led to the precipitation of gypsum or glauberite. Taking into account the high potassium content in the brines, which is close to the beginning of sylvite deposition, one can expect polyhalite (due to newly formed gypsum) mineralization to be found in the sediments.

The chemical composition of post-sedimentation brines is characterized by a wide fluctuation in the content of the main ions. In the salt-bearing stratum, brines of various compositions circulated: a) with a sharply increased (relative to the sedimentary) content of potassium, magnesium and sulfate; b) with an increased content of potassium, magnesium and a reduced content of sulfate; c) with a reduced content of potassium and an increased content of magnesium and sulfate; d) with a significantly reduced concentration of all ions.

In the XZK-101 well under investigation, no other salt minerals were found except halite, mirabilite, and glauberite. However, according to the data from the study of the chemical composition of brine inclusions in halite, in the immediate vicinity of its location in the Wenkou Depression, one should expect the detection of kieserite, langbeinite, and other salt minerals in salt deposits. The formation of langbeinite was facilitated by elevated temperatures and pressure. The brines found with an abnormally high magnesium content are apparently residual brines (reaction products) during the formation of langbeinite due to unstable sedimentary hexahydrite and sylvite.

According to the obtained data on the chemical composition of brines of inclusions in halite, the boundaries of both the halite and potassic facies on the existing facies maps of the basin are subject to revision.

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Keywords

fluid inclusions, halite, brines, homogenization temperature, salt strata

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THERMOMETRICAL STUDIES OF FLUID INCLUSIONS IN THE BADENIAN HALITE OF THE CARPATHIAN REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF DETERMINING THE DEPTH OF THE SALT BASIN

Home > Archive > No. 1–2 (189–190) 2023 > 54–65

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1–2 (189–190) 2023, 54–65

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2023.189-190.054

Anatoliy GALAMAY, Ihor ZINCHUK, Daria SYDOR

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: galamaytolik@ukr.net

Abstract

It was established that in order to avoid errors in the interpretation of paleotectonic conditions of salt formation based on fluid inclusions in halite, the primary stage of the research should be the genetic identification of the sedimentation textures of halite and fluid inclusions in this mineral. For the thermometric study of inclusions and to determine the depth of the sedimentation basin based on the obtained data, only thermal test chambers are suitable which provide the possibility of observing groups of inclusions in different zones of sedimentary halite, as, for example, in the micro thermal test chamber designed by Prof. V. A. Kalyuzhny.

In the course of the research, the equipment of the thermometric method, which is based on the use of a microthermal test chamber designed by V. A. Kalyuzhny, was modernized. In particular, the material of the thermal chamber (stainless steel) was replaced with copper, which made it possible to avoid excessive thermal gradients into chamber and to increase the permissible heating rate by 20 times due to the higher thermal conductivity of copper. For the same purpose, the glass optical windows of the camera were replaced with leukosapphire windows, which have a much higher thermal conductivity. The measuring system of the installation is made on a miniature platinum resistance thermometer with an electronic measuring unit. These improvements made it possible to achieve high system stability and good reproducibility of measurement results.

Using the thermometric method, it was established that the temperature of sedimentation at the bottom of the Badenian salt basin of the Carpathian region was 19.5–20.5; 20.0–22.0; 24.0–26.0 °C, and on the surface of the brine was 34.0–36.0 °C. On this basis, a model of the basin with a pronounced thermocline and a total thickness of the water column of up to 30 meters was built, which is the most likely to establish the features of sedimentation. Crystallization of halite at different depths in basins with a thermocline can explain the presence of so-called “low-temperature” (24.0–25.0 °C) and “high-temperature” (37.8–42.6 °C) bottom halite in a number of ancient salt-bearing basins.

Full Text

Keywords

halite, fluid inclusions, thermometric method, thermal chamber, homogenization temperature

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PECULIARITIES OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EARLY PALEOZOIC SEAWATER (study of fluid inclusions in halite of Ordovician Ordos salt basin, China)

Home > Archive > No. 4 (181) 2019 > 78-95

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 4 (181) 2019, 78-95.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2019.04.078

Anatoliy GALAMAY, Daria SYDOR

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine,
e-mail: igggk@mail.lviv.ua

Fanwei MENG

State Key Laboratory of Paleobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, CAS, Nanjing 210008, China,
e-mail: mengfanwei2004@hotmail.com

Yongsheng ZHANG

Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China

Abstract

The fluid inclusions in the marine Middle Ordovician halite of the Majiagou Salt Formation of the Ordos Basin (China) have been investigated. In addition to the primary inclusions the secondary ones of several generations were also detected. The fluid inclusions brine chemistry of halite was studied using an ultramicrochemical (UMCA) method, and the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions was determined in a special thermal chamber designed by V. A. Kalyuzhny

At the post-sedimentation stage, the studied salt strata were exposed to high temperature (58–72 °C) and high (up to several tens of MPa) pressure. Although there are opinions of the inability of primary inclusions in such halite to determine the physical and chemical conditions of sedimentation, however, the informative value of primary inclusions in halite of the Majiagou Formation has remained. The preservation of the integrity (and thus the informative value) of primary inclusions in halite is evidenced by the same chemistry of their brines, which differs from that of secondary inclusions The sedimentation brines of the basin were concentrated to the middle of halite stage and points to the Na-K-Mg-Ca-Cl seawater.

The physical and chemical conditions of evaporites formation are not known enough. Currently, the results of the brine chemistry of primary fluid inclusions in marine halite are the best indicators of seawater composition in the Phanerozoic. It is established that the magnesium content in the brines of the Lower Paleozoic basins is lower comparing to modern seawater of the corresponding concentration, and the potassium ion concentration is higher. The chemical composition of the concentrated seawater from which the halite was crystallized in the Ordovician salt basin of Ordos, with the exception of the calcium ion content, is similar to the seawater chemistry of the Cambrian and Silurian basins, which indicates the relative constancy of Early Paleozoic seawater chemistry.

Age-related changes in the chemical composition of seawater are always consistent with many quantitatively or qualitatively characterized processes of the Earth’s crust evolution. So we believe that the causes that led to more than twice the potassium content of Riphean-Devonian clays, unlike the younger ones, it were also the reason for the increase in potassium content in the Lower Paleozoic marine brines.

The studies conducted also clarify the limits of oscillation of calcium ion content, which determines the type of seawater. Its content in the sedimentary brines of the Ordos basin of the Middle Ordovician reaches 66 g/l at the middle of halite stage. Therefore, at the beginning of the stage of halite precipitation, its content should be approximately 20 g/l (considering its theoretical content of 10 g/l with the modern composition of the atmosphere). Apparently, the cause of the abnormally high calcium content in the early Paleozoic Ocean was the direct flow of it with hydrothermal solutions into the ocean during the activation of global tectonics of the Earth and the increase of solubility of carbonates of continents and ocean floor due to high carbon dioxide atmospheric content.

Full Text

Keywords

halite, primary inclusions, homogenization temperature, seawater.

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