Geochemistry – Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals

Posted on April 2026April 2026 by GGCMJournal

ESTIMATION OF THE METHANE-GENERATING CAPACITY OF FOSSIL ORGANIC MATTER

Home > Archive > No. 1 (201) 2026 > 51–62

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1 (201) 2026, 51–62

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2026.201.051

Yurii KHOKHA^a, Oleksandr LYUBCHAK^b, Myroslava YAKOVENKO^c
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine

^ae-mail: khoha_yury@ukr.net, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8997-9766
^be-mail: oleksandr.lyubchak@gmail.com, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0700-6929
^ce-mail: myroslavakoshil@ukr.net, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8967-0489

Abstract

The methane-generative capacity of fossil organic matter (FOM) controls both the resource potential of sedimentary successions (natural gas) and the environmental implications of CH₄ generation and migration. While equilibrium thermodynamic models provide an upper bound for methane yield, methane generation in geological settings is predominantly kinetic-controlled, and comprehensive equilibrium/kinetic reconstructions often require detailed structural inputs that are unavailable in routine practice.

Aim. To develop a minimal-parameter, chemically consistent framework for quantifying methane generation from FOM in the “solid organic matrix–fluid” system using measurable quantities and a kinetics-centered descriptor applicable under limited structural information.

Approach and methods. Methane formation is treated as a radical-controlled demethanation process, formalized by the rate expression d[CH₄]/dt = k[CH₃][H]. Here [CH₃] denotes the amount of structural methyl fragments (–CH₃) bound within the macromolecular matrix (kerogen/coal/peat), whereas [H] represents the pool of chemically bound donor hydrogen, excluding –OH and –COOH hydrogen in the baseline formulation. Conditions under which protonic (heterolytic) stages may become significant (high polarity, pore water, strong acidity/alkalinity, Lewis-acid catalysis, oxidants, transition metals, mineral surfaces, irradiation) are outlined, and it is shown that explicitly accounting for such pathways would substantially complicate the kinetic equation set. An analytical solution is discussed together with a practical reduction to an exponential law, [CH₄] = [CH₄]₀+ [CH₃]₀ (1 − e^−t/τ), where the characteristic time τ is defined from the initial slope of the methane accumulation curve CH₄(t) and can be estimated graphically via the tangent at t = 0. The paper specifies an experimental–analytical workflow to determine [CH₄]₀ by gas chromatography and to quantify the –CH₃ reservoir using direct structural methods: FTIR spectroscopy (integration of –CH₃/–CH₂ bands with spectral approximation and peak separation of overlapping features) and quantitative solid-state ¹³C MAS NMR (integration of methyl carbon at 0–22 ppm, with explicit separation of methoxyl O–CH₃ at 55–60 ppm when peat/soils are considered). Product-oriented techniques (pyrolysis GC/GC-MS and Rock-Eval) are discussed as complementary controls of CH₄ release during thermal decomposition.

Key results and interpretation. The proposed framework reduces methane-generative capacity to two experimentally anchored descriptors: the structural reservoir of methyl fragments and the kinetic parameter τ, interpreted as an integral measure of reactive-site accessibility and the overall rate of radical transformations in a given matrix. Using τ enables laboratory characterization within shortened observation windows, by passing the impracticality of directly determining k on geological time scales, and provides a consistent basis for comparing samples of different origin and maturity. The applicability domain is delineated, emphasizing external factors capable of shifting mechanisms and kinetics (O₂, water, mineral/metal catalysis, oxidants, irradiation), and the necessity to discriminate aliphatic –CH₃ from methoxyl O–CH₃ in oxygen-rich matrices is highlighted.

Conclusion and significance. The study delivers an analytically transparent and experimentally verifiable route to quantify methane-generative capacity of FOM as the coupled outcome of a measurable –CH₃ structural reserve and the characteristic time τ. The approach is suitable for comparative assessments across kerogen, coal, peat and soil organic matrices and provides a methodological foundation for further predictive modelling.

Full Text

Keywords

organic matter, kerogen, methane, methane generation, kinetics, FTIR, ¹³C MAS NMR, programmed pyrolysis

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Received: January 25, 2026
Accepted: February 20, 2026
Published: April 21, 2026

Posted on April 2026April 2026 by GGCMJournal

GEOCHEMISTRY OF HALOGENESIS AND POST-SEDIMENTARY MINERALOGENESIS OF SELECTED EVAPORITE BASINS IN CHINA AND TURKEY IN RELATION TO THE FORMATION OF MINERAL RESOURCE COMPLEXES

Home > Archive > No. 1 (201) 2026 > 63–89

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1 (201) 2026, 63–89

ISSN 0869-0774 (Print), ISSN 2786-8621 (Online)

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2026.201.063

Anatoliy GALAMAY^a, Daria SYDOR^b, Sofiia MAKSYMUK^c, Oksana OLIIOVYCH-HLADKA^d
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine

^ae-mail: galamaytolik@ukr.net, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4864-6401
^bhttps://orcid.org/0009-0007-5704-3748
^chttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-6301-9988
^dhttps://orcid.org/0009-0005-7678-1725

Abstract

Comprehensive studies of Messinian salt-bearing deposits of the Tuz Gölü Basin (Turkey) and Pleistocene deposits of the Qaidam Basin (China) have established the physicochemical causes of changes in brine composition in salt-forming basins and reconstructed the crystallization conditions of halite, glauberite, and polyhalite. These results contribute to the theoretical framework of salt mineralogenesis in applied evaporite studies and serve as geochemical criteria for predicting salt deposits. Particular attention to the identification of evaporite genesis was given to the preliminary investigation of the origin of fluid inclusions in halite.

According to the results of brine studies of fluid inclusions in halite from the Tuz Gölü Basin, the sources of salts in the basin were both continental and marine waters. A decrease in potassium concentration in basin brines is related to their interaction with organic matter and clay of continental origin. Since the concentration of sedimentary brines and their potassium content remained low throughout salt accumulation, this indicates a lack of potential for the occurrence of potash-bearing units within the salt sequence. The removal of sulfate ions and part of sodium from the brines at certain stages of basin evolution was caused by the formation of glauberite during periods of halted halite deposition. Repeated significant increases in sulfate ion concentrations in basin brines, followed by abrupt decreases, indicate favourable conditions for the occurrence of glauberite-bearing units within the depositional sequence.

According to the study of salt-bearing deposits of the Qaidam Basin, the principal mechanism of polyhalite formation was the salting-out of gypsum, which was transformed into polyhalite during the sedimentary stage. The sources of calcium in the sulfate-type salt-forming basin were continental fresh waters as well as pore and intercrystalline brines of chemogenic–terrigenous sediments. It was determined that the temperature regime of bottom brines during sedimentogenesis played a key role in the transformation of gypsum into polyhalite. Relics of potassium–magnesium minerals in the studied samples and elevated magnesium contents in the brines of secondary fluid inclusions indicate that part of the polyhalite may have formed through the replacement of sylvite and carnallite in the deposits due to calcium input from solutions associated with nearby oil accumulations. The established physicochemical conditions of polyhalite formation in the basin expand the theoretical understanding of polyhalite mineralization in fundamental and applied studies and represent geochemical criteria for predicting its deposits.

Detailed investigation of chemical paleooceanography, the features of salt mineral formation with specific chemical compositions in basins, and the discrimination between marine and continental salt-forming basins makes a significant contribution to understanding the genetic nature of evaporite-related mineral resources and to improving their future exploration and prediction.

Full Text

Keywords

fluid inclusions, halite, glauberite, polyhalite, sources of salts

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Received: January 21, 2026
Accepted: February 23, 2026
Published: April 21, 2026

Posted on December 2025February 2026 by GGCMJournal

GEOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF MOBILE FORMS OF Pb, Cd, As, and Hg IN PEATLANDS OF THE LVIV REGION

Home > Archive > No. 3–4 (199–200) 2025 > 25–43

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 3–4 (199–200) 2025, 25–43

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2025.199-200.025

Myroslav PAVLYUK¹, Myroslava YAKOVENKO², Yurii KHOKHA³, Olga SERDІUKOVA⁴
^{1, 2, 3}Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: ¹pavlyuk.myroslav@gmail.com; ²myroslavakoshil@ukr.net; ³khoha_yury@ukr.net
⁴V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine, e-mail: serd.64@ukr.net

Abstract

The aim of the work was to quantitatively characterize the spatial‑stratigraphic variability of mobile forms of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) in peatlands of the Lviv Region and to identify the main physicochemical factors of their accumulation.

Materials and methods. 26 samples from six peatlands (Bilohorshcha, Honchary, Hamaliivka, Artyshchiv, Polonychna, Sknylivok) were studied along profiles 0–140 cm at 20 cm intervals. Mobile forms of Pb, Cd, As were determined by ICP AES after extraction with 0.2 M HCl, whereas Hg was measured by direct thermal decomposition-amalgamation AAS (NIC MA 3 Solo) without prior wet extraction. pH, ash content (Ash), moisture content (W), and organic matter content were measured. Statistical processing included descriptive statistics, geoaccumulation index (GI), Spearman correlations, hierarchical clustering (Ward) and PCA with varimax rotation.

Results. The studied peat deposits of the Lviv Region are characterized by a high proportion of organic matter (median = 83.95 %), variable ash content (9.69–37.08 %) and an acidic-to-weakly neutral environment (pH = 4.40–7.69). Mobile forms of Pb, Cd, As and Hg show high spatial stratigraphic variability and lognormal distributions; coefficients of variation are ≈ 236–263–136 % for Pb, Cd and Hg, respectively, while As has moderately high variability (≈ 82 %). According to the averaged concentration coefficients normalized to the median, the geochemical spectrum is: Cd (3.57) > Pb (3.02) > Hg (1.28) > As (1.20). Comparison with lithospheric and soil reference levels indicates persistent enrichment in Cd, whereas Hg is generally at background to subbackground levels (I_geo ≤ 0), with Pb and As mostly not exceeding background except for local anomalies. The vertical structure is mosaic: Hg shows modest near-surface increases with no stable deep maxima and no significant geoaccumulation (I_geo < 0); Pb frequently peaks near the surface but exhibits a deep maximum in the Honchary profile (60–80 cm); Cd forms contrasting intraprofile anomalies (Honchary, 60–80 cm), and As combines near-surface increases with a deep peak (Hamaliivka, 120–140 cm), indicating the role of redox gradients and mineral admixture. Multivariate analyses (correlation, clustering, PCA) before and after ash normalization consistently reveal a stable cationic Pb–Cd block, organic control of As, and moisture-redox-acid-base control on Hg, separating the roles of organic and mineral phases in forming profile anomalies and providing a basis for further monitoring.

Full Text

Keywords

peat, geochemistry, mobile forms, lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, Lviv Region

Referenses

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Posted on June 2025September 2025 by GGCMJournal

DETERMINATION AND DISTRIBUTION of Na, K, Li, Ca, and Ba MOBILE FORMS IN PEAT OF THE LVIV REGION BY FLAME SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

Home > Archive > No. 1–2 (197–198) 2025 > 75–90

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1–2 (197–198) 2025, 75–90

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2025.197-198.075

Myroslava YAKOVENKO¹, Yurii KHOKHA²
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: ¹myroslavakoshil@ukr.net; ²khoha_yury@ukr.net

Abstract

The article presents the results of determining the quantitative content and geochemical features of the distribution (including depth distribution), accumulation, migration, and origin of Na, K, Li, Ca, and Ba mobile forms in peat from selected representative deposits and areas of the Lviv Region (Bilogorshcha, Honchary, Hamaliivka, Artyshchiv, Polonychna, Sknylivok), and identifying the main factors affecting the unevenness of their concentration. The analyses were performed using the flame spectrophotometry method with two low-temperature flame spectrophotometers: FP910 (PG Instruments) and FF-200 (Cole-Parmer, Jenway). This method is distinguished by its simplicity, speed, expressivity, high sensitivity, reliability, and relatively low equipment cost.

Mathematical and statistical processing of the quantitative characteristics of the distribution of Ca, Ba, Na, K, and Li mobile forms content in the studied peatlands of the Lviv Region was carried out using MS Excel 2019 and Statistica 12 software packages. Employing correlation (calculation and construction of correlation matrices and profiles), cluster, and factor (principal component method) analyses, the degree of dependence between variables and typomorphic geochemical associations of mobile forms of chemical elements in the researched environment were established. The values of the limits of local background fluctuations and the level of element content deviations were determined; the values of the concentration coefficients relative to the background (median) content were calculated.

The vertical distribution of Ca, Ba, Na, K, and Li mobile forms along the peat deposit profiles showed that the content of K and Na decreases with depth for all researched deposits, as well as Ca, Ba, and Li (except Honchary deposit). It was established that the vertical distribution of the studied elementsʼ mobile forms in peat deposits is characterized by maxima in the upper peat horizon and contact layers with mineral soil (0–40 cm), which is mainly due to biological accumulation and aeolian input. An exception is the uneven distribution of Ca, Ba, and Li in the Honchary peat deposit, where a significant enrichment with freshwater mollusk shells is observed, particularly at a depth of 80–120 cm.

Full Text

Keywords

peat, mobile forms, elemental analysis, flame spectrophotometry

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Posted on June 2025September 2025 by GGCMJournal

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FLUID INCLUSIONS BRINE IN HALITE OF EVAPORITE DEPOSITS IN WENKOU DEPRESSION (PRC) IN THE CONTEXT OF SALT MINERALOGENESIS

Home > Archive > No. 1–2 (197–198) 2025 > 57–74

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1–2 (197–198) 2025, 57–74

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2025.197-198.057

Anatoliy GALAMAY¹, Fanwei MENG², Daria SYDOR¹
¹Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: galamaytolik@ukr.net
²China University of Mining and Technology (CUMT), Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China, e-mail: fwmeng@isl.ac.cn

Abstract

The chemical composition of brines of fluid inclusions of different genesis has established the peculiarities of mineralogenesis of the Wenkou Depression of the Dawenkou Basin. The content of K⁺, Mg²⁺ and SO₄²⁻ in sedimentary brines ranged from 27.6 to 32.9, 41.5 to 32.7, and 66.6 to 33.3 g/l, respectively. The obtained data on the chemical composition of sedimentary brines and the values of δ³⁴S (+10.9…+35.7 ‰) and δ¹⁸O (+14.7…+19.4 ‰) of anhydrite do not exclude the influence of marine transgressions on the continental halogenation of the Dawenkou Basin. The main source of sulfate in the Basin was ancient evaporites in the Yi-Meng Mountains of Shandong Province, which were eroded by surface waters. At the post-sedimentation stage, the salt strata were heated to temperatures of about 45 and 63 ℃. Halite recrystallization occurred at elevated pressure, which was tens of times higher than normal atmospheric pressure.

Weakly mineralized waters enriched in Ca(HCO₃)₂, which entered the basin, led to the precipitation of gypsum or glauberite. Taking into account the high potassium content in the brines, which is close to the beginning of sylvite deposition, one can expect polyhalite (due to newly formed gypsum) mineralization to be found in the sediments.

The chemical composition of post-sedimentation brines is characterized by a wide fluctuation in the content of the main ions. In the salt-bearing stratum, brines of various compositions circulated: a) with a sharply increased (relative to the sedimentary) content of potassium, magnesium and sulfate; b) with an increased content of potassium, magnesium and a reduced content of sulfate; c) with a reduced content of potassium and an increased content of magnesium and sulfate; d) with a significantly reduced concentration of all ions.

In the XZK-101 well under investigation, no other salt minerals were found except halite, mirabilite, and glauberite. However, according to the data from the study of the chemical composition of brine inclusions in halite, in the immediate vicinity of its location in the Wenkou Depression, one should expect the detection of kieserite, langbeinite, and other salt minerals in salt deposits. The formation of langbeinite was facilitated by elevated temperatures and pressure. The brines found with an abnormally high magnesium content are apparently residual brines (reaction products) during the formation of langbeinite due to unstable sedimentary hexahydrite and sylvite.

According to the obtained data on the chemical composition of brines of inclusions in halite, the boundaries of both the halite and potassic facies on the existing facies maps of the basin are subject to revision.

Full Text

Keywords

fluid inclusions, halite, brines, homogenization temperature, salt strata

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Posted on December 2024December 2024 by GGCMJournal

USE OF CHEMOMETRIC METHODS AND REGRESSION MODELS IN PROCESSING NIR SPECTRA OF PEAT FOR QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF ITS CHEMICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL INDICATORS

Home > Archive > No. 3–4 (195–196) 2024 > 100–125

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 3–4 (195–196) 2024, 100–125

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2024.195-196.100

Yurii KHOKHA¹, Myroslava YAKOVENKO²
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: ¹khoha_yury@ukr.net; ²myroslavakoshil@ukr.net

Abstract

The article discusses theoretical and practical aspects of the use of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for express analysis of peat. Near infrared spectroscopy provides a significant amount of information about complex organic systems, including irregular polymers such as peat. Compared to classical analytical methods, NIR spectrometry allows analysis without complex sample preparation with analysis time measured in minutes. Since the results represent the intensity of radiation reflection in the overtone range of fundamental frequencies, their processing requires the use of special mathematical and statistical methods. The use of the Chemoface software package modules (PLS method) for quantitative analysis of the technical and chemical properties of peat based on NIR spectroscopy data has demonstrated the possibility of obtaining calibration models that allow for the quick and reliable analysis of this raw material, including in field conditions. The conducted studies have shown that using a spectrometer that analyzes reflected (absorbed) radiation in the near-infrared spectrum and based on the averaged spectral characteristics of the reflected (absorbed) radiation and using chemometric software, it is possible to calculate the chemical and technological characteristics of peat. The analysis procedure consists of the following stages: selection of a sample representing the entire batch of raw materials; irradiation of the sample with radiation containing a significant proportion of energy in the near-infrared spectrum; analysis with a detector of reflected (absorbed) radiation and construction of an integral spectral characteristic of the sample; compilation of a calibration model using chemometric software; processing of the obtained spectrum using chemometric software with subsequent calculation of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the raw materials. The proposed method (express analysis) for rapid determination of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of fossil carbon raw materials of organic origin, namely lowland and highland peat of various degrees of decomposition, can be used to establish its compliance with current norms, standards and technical conditions for moisture content, ash (inorganic) residue content and acidity (pH).

Full Text

Keywords

near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy, peat analysis, predictive models, multivariate analysis, Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS), pre-treatments effect

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Posted on July 2024October 2024 by GGCMJournal

INNOVATIVE STUDY COMPLEX OF COMPLEXLY STRUCTURED HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR ROCKS, BASED ON PETROPHYSICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS (on the example of the Boryslav-Pokuttia zone of the Pre-Carpathian depression)

Home > Archive > No. 1–2 (193–194) 2024 > 130–140

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1–2 (193–194) 2024, 130–140

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2024.193-194.130

Roman-Danyil KUCHER, Oksana SENIV
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: igggk@mail.lviv.ua

Abstract

The article examines methods of studying the capacity-filtration properties of reservoir rocks of hydrocarbon deposits and transformation processes and the state of kerogen depletion within the Boryslav-Pokuttia zone of the Pre-Сarpathian depression.

The complex stressed state of rocks, which arises because of the action of geodynamic stresses, and the processes of catagenetic changes cause the development of secondary pore-crack and crack-cavernous reservoirs. Crack formation is caused by deformation and depends on the mechanical properties of rocks. The development of traps, pore-crack and crack-cavernous reservoirs is associated with rock loosening zones, which tend to tectonic disturbances and to places of intrusion of fluids from great depths into the sedimentary layer. At the same time, two multidirectional processes – thermal degradation and consolidation under the influence of pressure – cause changes that occur in the structure of kerogen during its evolution.

Based on the results of the analysis of the actual and theoretical material, the optimal methodical set of studies of the most important characteristics of the reservoirs and the processes of kerogen evolution for the considered zone is substantiated. An analysis of the geological and petrophysical characteristics of the Oligocene deposits of the Inner Zone of the Pre-Carpathian Trough was carried out and database were formed.

It has been established that pore-crack and crack reservoirs have a complex structure, and their distribution and capacity are controlled by two factors of different nature – lithological-facies and structural-deformation. It was found that thermodynamic modelling models – maximization of entropy and constants of independent chemical reactions – provide reliable results of the distribution of elements between the components of complex heterogeneous and homogeneous geochemical systems. It is shown that the chosen method of calculating the Gibbs energy of individual components of geochemical systems has sufficient accuracy for use in the above models.

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Keywords

Boryslav-Pokuttia zone, complicated reservoir rocks, petrophysical and geochemical parameters

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Posted on July 2024October 2024 by GGCMJournal

USE OF INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY METHODS FOR RESEARCH OF PEAT (Honchary deposit, Lviv Region)

Home > Archive > No. 1–2 (193–194) 2024 > 113–129

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1–2 (193–194) 2024, 113–129

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2024.193-194.113

Myroslava YAKOVENKO¹, Yurii KHOKHA²
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: ¹myroslavakoshil@ukr.net; ²khoha_yury@ukr.net

Abstract

The problems of peat analysis using near-infrared reflectance (NIR) and mid-infrared reflectance (MIR) spectroscopy methods are considered.

Infrared spectroscopic researches of selected peat samples in a vertical section (depth 0–140 cm) from the Honchary deposit of the Lviv Region were carried out using instrumental analytical methods of infrared spectroscopy (near-infrared reflectance, NIR and mid-infrared reflectance, MIR) in order to determine the characteristics of the chemical group composition, mineral and organic components of peat to assess the quality of peat and its further exploitation in various industries.

As a result, the spectra of chemical compounds were identified, among which the largest number are: hydroxyl, methylene, methyl and aromatic groups.

Direct analysis of infrared spectrogram sections of the studied peat showed significantly greater informativeness of IR spectroscopy in the mid-infrared range (400–4000 cm⁻¹) in contrast to the mid-infrared frequency range (from 3900 to 7400 cm⁻¹).

The possibility and effectiveness of using near- and mid-infrared spectroscopy methods to analyze the chemical composition of peat and obtain information on the structure of organic matter at the level of functional groups has been assessed.

The advantage of this method in comparison with other instrumental research methods is also its speed and expressivity – the total time required for the preparation and analysis of peat samples was less than 5 minutes compared to 10–16 hours required for determining the content of moisture, proteins, lipids and ash by reference standard methods.

Near-infrared reflectance (NIR) and mid-infrared reflectance (MIR) spectroscopy methods can be used and effectively applied in combination with other methods as an analytical tool for peat quality monitoring, simultaneous measurement of several quality parameters and its further use in various industries and development of environmentally friendly technologies.

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Keywords

peat, mineral and organic composition, infrared spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy, mid-infrared spectroscopy, functional groups, peat quality

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Posted on December 2023June 2025 by GGCMJournal

ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF NATURAL CARBONATES IN THE PROCESSES OF SYNTHESIS AND GENESIS OF HYDROCARBONS IN THE EARTH’S LITHOSPHERE

Home > Archive > No. 3–4 (191–192) 2023 > 135–142

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 3–4 (191–192) 2023, 135–142

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2023.191-192.135

Josyp SVOREN’
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: igggk@mail.lviv.ua

Abstract

The fundamental importance of studies of the processes of synthesis and genesis of hydrocarbons in the Earth’s lithosphere has been confirmed and the prospects of the chosen direction for advanced research have been demonstrated, as well as for the thorough development of genetic principles of physical and chemical conditions of the formation of hydrocarbons deposits in various geological minds, focusing on the role of natural carbonate formation in this process. It is shown in this connection that one of the most striking natural phenomena of the Earth’s lithosphere is the obvious manifestations of veinlet-impregnated carbonate mineralization. This has been discussed in detail in the case of some areas of the Ukrainian Carpathians and Pre-Сarpathians, where the original carbonate veinlets of hydrothermal origin with traces of hydrocarbons migration are often happened, but industrial research works is rarely carried out because of their low (as expected) prospects for gas and oil deposits. We pay attention to the areas of development of the calcite veinlets with rare, perfectly faceted crystals of quartz – “Marmarosh diamonds” among the Cretaceous and Paleogene deposits of the South-Western slope of the Carpathians.

As a result, supporting materials on the importance of natural carbonates in the processes of synthesis and genesis of hydrocarbons in the Earth’s lithosphere are given. It consists in the revealed previously unknown property of natural carbonates, mainly calcium carbonate, under the action of abiogenic high-thermobaric deep fluid to decompose and be an additional source of carbon with different isotopic compositions in the processes of synthesis and genesis of hydrocarbons: gas, oil, bitumen as well as a carrier of these compounds in time of their migration and conservation in new creations in the deposits of oil and gas-bearing areas and metallogenic provinces: deposits-fields, veins, fluid inclusions, veinlet-impregnated mineralization.

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Keywords

fluid inclusions, carbonates, veins, hydrocarbons, deposits, gas and oil, mass spectrometric studies, supposed scientific discovery

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Posted on December 2023February 2024 by GGCMJournal

THE INFLUENCE OF MARINE AND CONTINENTAL WATERS ON THE CLAY MINERALS TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF EVAPORITE DEPOSITS (on the example of the Kalush-Holin’ deposit, Carpathian Foredeep)

Home > Archive > No. 3–4 (191–192) 2023 > 122–134

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 3–4 (191–192) 2023, 122–134

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2023.191-192.122

Sofiya HRYNIV, Yaroslava YAREMCHUK, Natalia RADKOVETS
Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: sophia_hryniv@ukr.net

Abstract

The influence of the chemical composition of marine and continental waters on the formation and transformation of clay minerals is considered on the example of evaporites of the Kalush-Holin’ potash deposit of the Carpathian Foredeep. Clay minerals under variable physical and chemical conditions become unstable and transformed, adapting to new conditions. The main factor that causes changes in their composition and structure is the concentration of brines.

The increased concentration of brines at the stage of deposition of potassium salts contributed to the aggradational transformation of clay minerals, the transformation of labile minerals into illite and chlorite that are stable in the hipersaline environment. These two minerals – illite and chlorite are characteristic of the Kalush-Holin’ potash deposit. Further arrangement of the structure leads to the transformation of part of the illite into mica. On the clay fraction diffractograms of some potash rocks, the basal reflex 001 is wide and bifurcated at the top on a line with interplanar distances of 0.99 and 1.0 nm, this indicates the presence of structurally similar minerals – mica and illite.

Under conditions of hypergenesis, when evaporite deposits are washed away by fresh surface waters, a reverse process (degradational transformation) takes place, which occurs in the leaching of potassium from the interlayer space of a part of illite and the formation of labile clay structures. The clay mineral association of the gypsum-clay caprock of evaporite deposits, in addition to illite and chlorite, also contains mixed-layer illite-smectite and kaolinite – the appearance of these clay minerals in hypergenic deposits is the result of degradational transformation (illite-smectite) and formation de novo (kaolinite) under conditions of decreased saline brine concentration.

Capture of potassium by the structure of the mixed-layer illite-smectite and its transition into illite (aggradational transformation) occurs more easily than the reverse process – potassium leaching and transformation of illite into a mixed-layer illite-smectite (degradational transformation).

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Keywords

clay minerals, aggradational and degradational transformation, evaporite deposits, hypergenesis zone, gypsum-clay caprock

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