Category: Geochemistry

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NON-ORE MINERALS OF VEINLET-IMPREGNATED MINERALIZATION IN THE DEPOSITS OF THE KROSNO ZONE OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS (district of the new Beskydy railway tunnel)

Home > Archive > No. 1–2 (187–188) 2022 > 103–114

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1–2 (187–188) 2022, 103–114.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2022.01-02.103

Ihor NAUMKO1, Halyna ZANKOVYCH1, Oksana KOКHAN1, Olexandеr VOVK2, Yaroslav KUZEMKO1, Bohdan SAКHNO1, Roman SERKIZ3

1 Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: igggk@mail.lviv.ua
2 Lesya Ukrainka Volyn National University, Lutsk, Ukraine, е-mail: geologygeochemistry@gmail.com
3 Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine, е-mail: rserkiz@gmail.com

Abstract

The construction of the new Beskydy railway tunnel, which revealed the indigenous deposits of the Krosno formation of the Ukrainian Carpathians, provided an opportunity to obtain new results from the study of another prospective oil and gas-bearing areas of the flysch formation within the Krosno structural-facies unit. There is a second tunnel in length in Ukraine and passes under the Verkhovyna watershed ridge of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Its section is represented by the rocks of the Krosno formation, namely the stratification of sandstones, argillites and silt stones. There are two fracture zones have been indentified here, in which developed veinle-impregnated mineralization of ore (sulfides) and non-ore (calcite and quartz type of the “Marmarosh diamonds”) minerals. Calcite and quartz formas monominerals veins and in paragenesis calcite-quartz type of the “Marmarosh diamonds” ‒ sulfides. Quartz occurs in the form of splice sand well-faceted crystals, transparent, in yellow, brown, black, green colour. Calcite of a milky, translucent colour in the form of veins, veinlets, impregnation, powder on quartz, druz. Contains significant impurities of magnesium, manganese and iron which means the presence of a rhodochrosite-magnesite-siderite component. Hydrocarbon fluids are present in all calcite and quartz crystals of the “Marmarosh diamonds” type. By chemical composition, it is methane with impurities of higher hydrocarbons (up to hexane). Sometimes the manifestations of the outflow of a black substance with the smell of oil from the cracks in the veinlet-impregnated mineralization are recorded studied rock complexes of the flysch formation of the Krosno zone of the Ukrainian Carpathians (construction area of the new branch of the Beskydy railway tunnel), which acquires an important genetic significance.

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Keywords

veinlet-impregnated mineralization, calcite, “Marmarosh diamonds”, new Beskydy railway tunnel, Krosno zone, Ukrainian Carpathians

Referenses

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INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES OF THE PROSPECTING FOR MINERAL DEPOSITS BASED ON DATA OF FLUID INCLUSIONS RESEARCH

Home > Archive > No. 3–4 (185–186) 2021 > 92–108

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 3–4 (185–186) 2021, 92–108.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2021.03-04.092

Ihor NAUMKO, Yosyp SVOREN

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: igggk@mail.lviv.ua

Abstract

The innovative approach to the development of prospective technologies (methods) was substantiated on crystallogenic and physicochemical principles of the knowledge of mineral forming environments (fluids) (thermobarogeochemistry – mineralofluidology – fluid inclusions) as a new branch of geological knowledge within the framework of the new scientific direction in the geology – “thermobarometry and geochemistry of gases of veinlet-impregnated mineralization in deposits of oil- and gas-bearing areas and metallogenic provinces” as a natural phenomenon of the Earth’s lithosphere. According to him, the creation of radically new technologies and realization of prospecting for mineral deposits (first of all hydrocarbons and gold) simultaneously with the elucidation of the problem of genesis and synthesis of hydrocarbons at the atomic-molecular level fixed by such defects in the mineral crystals as fluid inclusions. Developed technologies, namely: determination of genesis of hydrocarbon gases; determination of prospects of oil and gas presence of a local area; local forecast of enriched areas of gold ore fields; express determination of potassium ions in inclusions for identification of gold-enriched and barren veinlet formations, – belong to the branch of the exploration geology and geochemistry and are used to ascertain genetic guestions, to solve tasks of the mineralogical-geochemical prediction and prospecting for mineral deposits in the local structures of oil- and gas-bearing areas and metallogenic provinces. The comparison of fluid inclusions of veinlets and host rocks based on the sections of a number of wells has shown the considerable possibilities of the developed technologies and prospects of the usage of thermobarogeochemical-mineralofluidological indicators in the complex with the geochemical and geophysical (petrophysical) methods, data of geological survey, deep-seated drilling while predicting hydrocarbon deposits in the local structures of the sedimentary strata promising for oil and gas and making necessary amendments in the directions of the following geological-prospecting works.

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Keywords

innovative technologies, fluid inclusions, geochemistry, thermobarometry, fluids, hydrocarbons, gold, mineral-ore-naphthidogenesis, Earth’s lithosphere

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GEOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF EURASIAN EVAPORITES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF SEAWATER IN PHANEROZOIC

Home > Archive > No. 1–2 (183–184) 2021 > 110–129

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1–2 (183–184) 2021, 110–129.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2021.01-02.110

Аnatoliy GALAMAY, Andriy POBEREZHSKYY, Sofiya HRYNIV, Serhiy VOVNYUK, Dariya SYDOR, Iaroslava IAREMCHUK, Sofiya MAKSYMUK, Oksana OLIYOVYCH-HLADKA, Lyudmila BILYK

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, e-mail: igggk@mail.lviv.ua

Abstract

Studies of evaporites provide new data to characterize the seawater chemistry in the Early Paleozoic and Middle Mesozoic. In particular, we studied the fluid inclusions in halite from Ordovician (China) and Cretaceous (Laos) evaporites. The corresponding sections on the plot of Ca/SO4 oscillations curve in the Phanerozoic seawater are updated. The calcium content in seawater concentrated to halite precipitation stage was 45.6 mol %, 485 million years ago and 24.3 mol % 112.2–93.5 million years ago.

By analyzing the previously published and new factual material, it is established that in Permian evaporites the sulfur isotopic composition is inversely correlated with the sulfate ion content in evaporite basin brines. Thus, the evolution of seawater chemistry in Permian is confirmed by the evolution of the isotopic composition of dissolved seawater sulfate.

According to the generalization of 38 Phanerozoic marine evaporite formations, it was found that the peculiarities of the clay minerals associations correlate with the change of the seawater chemical type. Clay minerals associations precipitated from the SO4-rich seawater are characterized by a larger set of minerals, among which smectite and mixed- layered minerals often occur; Mg-rich clay minerals (corensite, paligorskite, sepiolite, talc) also occur. Instead, in the associations of evaporite clay minerals formed from the Ca-rich seawater are represented by the smaller amount of minerals, and Mg-rich minerals are extremely rare. The increased content of magnesium in seawater of SO4-rich type is the main factor in the formation of Mg-rich silicates in evaporites.

The composition of clay minerals associations depends on the evaporate basin brine concentration; with its increase, unstable minerals are transformed, which theoretically leads to a decrease in the number of minerals in the associations. However, it was found that evaporite deposits of higher stages of brine concentration often still contain unstable clay minerals – products of incomplete transformation of a significant amount of pyroclastic material from coeval volcanic activity.

The main factor determining the composition of clay minerals associations of Phanerozoic evaporites was the seawater (and basin brines) chemical type.

Geochemical studies of scattered organic matter and fluid inclusions with hydrocarbon phase in evaporites of the Upper Pechora Basin (overlying oil and gas deposits) indicate the presence of allochthonous bitumoids and allow to use this method to predict oil and gas potential of other areas. Analysis of the results of oil and gas exploration in a number of areas of the Transcarpathian Trough indicates the presence of fluid-saturated reservoirs and the prospects for the discovery of new accumulations of hydrocarbons. Geochemical studies proved the effectiveness of gas-flow survey method for oil and gas exploration, assessing the prospects for fluid saturation of seismic structures.

Full Text

Keywords

fluid inclusions, halit, salt Basin, seawater.

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GEOCHEMISTRY Of FLUIDS: INNOVATIVE SOLUTION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM

Home > Archive > No. 1–2 (183–184) 2021 > 130–148

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1–2 (183–184) 2021, 130–148.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2021.01-02.130

Josyp SVOREN

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, e-mail: igggk@mail.lviv.ua

Abstract

First of all, has developed a reliable mass spectrometric method for studying fluid inclusions in minerals (on the basis of the author’s certificate of the USSR No. 454446 of 1974 for the invention of the “device for cleaning the content inclusions of solid materials”). Were created and published new scientific directions: 1. Thermobarometry and geochemistry of gases of veinlet-impregnated mineralization in sediments of oil and gas regions and metallogenic provinces. 2. Bowels of the Earth – natural physicochemical reactor. Was developed a “method (technology) for determining the prospects of oil and gas bearing of the local area” and “a method (technology) of local forecasting of enriched areas of gold-ore fields” (together with M. M. Davydenko). Was established unknown before, but objectively existing phenomenon of the material world: 1) “lack of molecular hydrogen in inclusions in minerals in the bowels of the planet Earth” (together with V. A. Kaliuzhny). Independently were established: 2) previously unknown “property of deep abiogenic methane-termobar high-temperature fluid decompose-convert natural organic residues into layers of coal with their simultaneous methane saturation and its conservation in the earth’s crust of the planet Earth”; 3) previously unknown natural “phenomenon of arbitrary formation of natural carbon methane in the coal layers of the earth’s crust of the planet Earth under the influence of abiogenic methane-containing high-temperature fluid with their conservation in them”; 4) previously unknown different chemical properties of carbon isotopes in natural processes of synthesis-formation of various carbon-containing compounds …; 5) “previously unknown pattern of natural processes of synthesis of perfect diamond crystals from astenospheric carbon dioxide ions…”. Was justified “a new way to determine the calorification of natural gas supplied to consumers and its cubic-metre barometry”.

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Keywords

geochemistry, fluid inclusions, veinlet-impregnated mineralization, deep abiogenic methane-bearing high-termobaric fluid, searches, new technologies, cubic-metre-barometry, scientific discovery.

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CLAY MINERALS FROM ROCK SALT OF BAHADUR KHEL FORMATION, EOCENE, PAKISTAN

Home > Archive > No. 1 (182) 2020 > 87-100

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1 (182) 2020, 87-100.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2020.01.087

Yaroslava YAREMCHUK, Serhiy VOVNYUK

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, е-mail: slava.yaremchuk@gmail.com

Mohammad TARIQ

Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Quetta, Pakistan

Abstract

According to studies of the pelitic fraction of the water-insoluble residue of 10 samples of Eocene rock salt of the Bahadur Khel Formation (Pakistan), it was determined that the clay minerals association contains swelling chlorite, chlorite-smectite, illite and kaolinite; chlorite was identified in three samples. Non-clay minerals are represented by quartz, dolomite, less often – magnesite; one sample contains impurities of both carbonates. Swelling chlorite, chlorite and mixed-layer minerals are trioctahedral, and illite and kaolinite are dioctahedral. All identified clay minerals, with the exception of kaolinite, are authigenic.

The presence of swelling chlorite in Eocene rock salt is probably caused by changes in the concentration of brines in the basin against the background of complex geological processes of this era (climate change from thermal maximum to global cooling, changes in water circulation in oceans, changes in isotopic composition of carbonates).

The association of clay minerals of Eocene rock salt, taking into account the peculiarities of its composition and the presence of swelling chlorite in it, we attributed to that formed during the SO4-rich seawater chemical type. This is also confirmed by two finds of swelling chlorite in the Triassic evaporites (rock salt of the Western Moroccan Basin, Midland marl) described in the literature, which are known to have been deposited from SO4-rich seawater.

The presence of kaolinite in almost all samples is caused by its largest accumulation in sediments of this time period – terrigenous kaolinite came in large quantities from dry land and did not transform even at the stage halite precipitation.

Full Text

Keywords

clay minerals, swelling chlorite, rock salt, Eocene, Bahadur Khel Salt, Pakistan.

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GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF RIVER AND GROUND WATERS (OUTER ZONE OF THE PRECARPATHIAN DEEP)

Home > Archive > No. 1 (182) 2020 > 76-86

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1 (182) 2020, 76-86.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2020.01.076

Maria KOST’, Halyna MEDVID, Vasyl HARASYMCHUK,Olga TELEGUZ, Iryna SAKHNYUK, Orysia MAYKUT

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, e-mail: igggk@mail.lviv.ua

Abstract

Geochemical peculiarities of river and groundwaters of the Outer zone of the Precarpathian deep have been established. It is revealed that the main feature of the distribution of salt composition indicators in the Dniester River and its influxes is hydrochemical zonality, which does not depend on the flow direction of the rivers, but is consistent with the physics-geographical and geological features of the area to which the man-made factor is imposed.

There is an increase in concentrations of sulfate, calcium in the left bank confluent of the river Shchyrka. The waters from the Tysmenytsya, Kolodnitsa and Dniester rivers in the village Kolodrubi are characterized by the highest amounts of sodium and chlorides and are sodium chloride-hydrocarbonate composition. The water composition of the Dniester River (Rozvadiv village), its confluents Bystrytsia and Letnyanka are hydrocarbonate calcium (sodium-magnesium-calcium), Shchyrka, Vereshchitsa – sulfate-hydrocarbonate calcium (magnesium-calcium). The index of biochemical oxygen consumption for 5 days in the waters of Tysmenytsya River reached 4.5 mg O2/dm3, while in other rivers it was 0.70‒3.20 mg O2/dm3. The content of O2 soluble in the waters of the river Vereshchytsya was 0.29 mg/dm3, the value of biochemical oxygen consumption was 11.4 mg O2/dm3.

In the chemical composition of river waters, there is an increase in the concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride ions from the left bank to the right bank confluents of the Dniester. In the left-bank confluents, in the chemical composition of water dominate the contents of calcium and hydrocarbons ions.

The heterogeneity of the lithological composition, the instability of the thickness of the aquifer both in the horizontal and vertical directions, and the different technogenic influence form the irregularity of pollution and its local distribution in groundwater.

Full Text

Keywords

river waters, groundwaters, geochemical features, geochemical zonality, Outer zone, Precarpathian deep.

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GEOCHEMISTRY AND THERMOBAROMOMETRY OF MINERAL-FORMING FLUIDS AND THERMOBAROGEOCHEMISTRY OF EVAPORITES – WORLD-FAMOUS SCIENTIFIC SCHOOLS

Home > Archive > No. 1 (182) 2020 > 62-75

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1 (182) 2020, 62-75.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2020.01.062

Ihor NAUMKO, Myroslav PAVLYUK, Andriy POBEREZHSKYY

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, e-mail: igggk@mail.lviv.ua

Abstract

Fundamental and applied achievements in the fields of geochemistry and thermobarometry of mineral-forming fluids and thermobarogeochemistry of evaporites are summarized as the basis of the corresponding world-famous scientific thermobarogeochemical schools established by professors V. A. Kalyuzhny and O. Yo. Petrychenko at the Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine on the basis of creative development of ideas of predecessors with the support of academicians Ye. K. Lazarenko, V. S. Sobolyev, H. N. Dolenko. Emphasis is placed on the contribution of schools to geological science, which is determined by the formed knowledge base on geochemical and thermobaric parameters of fluid environments of mineral-ore- naphthidogenesis in the Earth’s lithosphere (according to data of fluid inclusions research). In this context, in view of the enormous array of available data, the composition, physicochemical properties, genesis of fluids of the upper mantle and crust are briefly discussed and it is shown that the course of processes of petro-, mineral-, ore-, naphthidogenesis and formation fields of hydrocarbon, ore and non-ore minerals is determined by the peculiarities of degassing (defluidization) of the Earth and its influence on the conversion of carbon compounds during terrigenous, organogenic, hemogenic sedimentation and on the processes of diagenesis of sediments of various origins. The obtained data on the reproduction of the evolution of the fluid regime of rock complexes contribute to solving the fundamental problem of geochemistry of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbon-hydrogen matter) and deep (endogenous) fluid flows in the Earth’s lithosphere as an important basis for mineralofluidological model of the planet. They played a decisive role in substantiating at the Institute on the basis of abiogenic-biogenic dualism universal approaches to the processes of synthesis and genesis of natural hydrocarbons in the form of a new fundamental paradigm of oil and gas geology and geochemistry, the polygenesis of natural hydrocarbons in the Earth’s bowels, which increases the potential of oil and gas resources of promising regions, including Ukraine. This creates the preconditions for the identification of promising rock complexes for hydrocarbon, ore and non-ore minerals by applying the obtained fundamental thermobarogeochemical data in forecasting, exploration and operational practice on the basis of developing of new non-traditional geotechnologies for assessment and exploration of hydrocarbons and minerals.

Full Text

Keywords

fluid inclusions, geochemistry, thermobarometry, fluids, fluid media, mineral-ore-naphthidogenesis, Earth’s lithosphere.

REFERENCES

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BOWELS OF THE EARTH – NATURAL PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL REACTOR: IS THE SEARCH FOR NATURAL METHANE A FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE OR A TECHNICAL PROBLEM?

Home > Archive > No. 4 (181) 2019 > 104-115

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 4 (181) 2019, 104-115.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2019.04.104

Yosyp Svoren

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine,
e-mail: igggk@mail.lviv.ua

Abstract

It is shown that the hypothesis of organic origin of hydrocarbons doesn’t respond to the presence of a dominant concentration of methane in sediments, deposits, “shale’ series and so on, hence prospecting and exploration for hydrocarbon deposits in them are conducted in most cases intuitively, but not on the fundamental scientific basis.

Experimental studies based on the heating of slightly modified organic matter (peat) show that up to 200 °C in the process of its decomposition the following gases were delivered (vol. %): CO2 = 49.5; H2O = 49.3; CH4, C2H6, C3H8, N2, H2, SO2, H2S within 1.2 % in total.

It is confirmed that there is no coal methane, there is no shale gas-methane, but there is methane of one genesis with slightly different isotope composition of carbon, but synthesized according to the same mechanism in the high-thermobaric processes that after migration into the earth’s crust accumulated in the form of deposits in cavities of coal seams, terrigenous units, sandstones and so on.

Prospecting for pool-deposits of hydrocarbons should be carried out in conformity with developed “new technology of determination of prospects for oil and gas presence in the local area”, “physical-chemical model of synthesis of hydrocarbons and the way of geochemical searching for their occurrences”, “new theory of hydrocarbon synthesis and genesis in the earth’s lithosphere: abiogenic-biogenic dualism”.

Full Text

Keywords

fluid inclusions, minerals, methane, origin of hydrocarbons, exploration, pool-deposits, new technologies.

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ON CONTENT, MIGRATION AND CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METALS IN OILS (by the example of the Dnieper-Donets Depression)

Home > Archive > No. 4 (181) 2019 > 96-103

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 4 (181) 2019, 96-103.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2019.04.096

Artem Yerofieiev

V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University,
e-mail: pro100graf@gmail.com

Ihor Berezovsky

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine,
e-mail: igggk@mail.lviv.ua

Abstract

Literature review and analysis of previous studies of the problem was carried. The main scientific works on the research topic, as well as the main directions and stages of the study are indicated. Similar studies that were conducted on the territory of Ukraine are considered.

The results of the study of heavy metals in oil samples taken from a large oil and gas region from more than thirty deposits of Ukraine are presented. All current and non-working fields are considered.

The geological structure of the oil and gas province, as well as the main geochemical features of the formation of mineral deposits are considered. The main forms of finding target metals, as well as possible ways of transferring these elements in the earth’s crust are given.

Samples were investigated using x-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analysis. The obtained research data in the framework of two selected methods are combined for analysis. The results obtained within the same geological structure are compared with each other to determine the effect of the physical conditions of sediment formation on the microcomponent composition of crude oil. They also compared the effect of physical conditions on the properties of oil and their ability to accumulate heavy metals. Possible causes of the abnormal accumulation of heavy metals due to the close occurrence of oil and formation water are noted.

According to the results obtained, a graph is constructed of the dependence of the mineralization of oil on its depth. An exponential graphical approximation is presented to display the general trend of dependence.

Possible sources and ways of migration and accumulation of heavy metals in hydrocarbons are analyzed. The concept of the migration of heavy metals in oil is proposed in conjunction with the ore mineralization of adjacent and adjacent deposits.

Possible causes of differences in the concentrations of heavy metals in oil of various geological structures are indicated, as well as the main possible causes of measurement errors and complications in the selection of each of the analysis methods are specified.

Full Text

Keywords

migration, heavy metals, petroleum, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, petroleum geochemistry, organometallic compounds.

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PECULIARITIES OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EARLY PALEOZOIC SEAWATER (study of fluid inclusions in halite of Ordovician Ordos salt basin, China)

Home > Archive > No. 4 (181) 2019 > 78-95

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 4 (181) 2019, 78-95.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2019.04.078

Anatoliy GALAMAY, Daria SYDOR

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine,
e-mail: igggk@mail.lviv.ua

Fanwei MENG

State Key Laboratory of Paleobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, CAS, Nanjing 210008, China,
e-mail: mengfanwei2004@hotmail.com

Yongsheng ZHANG

Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China

Abstract

The fluid inclusions in the marine Middle Ordovician halite of the Majiagou Salt Formation of the Ordos Basin (China) have been investigated. In addition to the primary inclusions the secondary ones of several generations were also detected. The fluid inclusions brine chemistry of halite was studied using an ultramicrochemical (UMCA) method, and the homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions was determined in a special thermal chamber designed by V. A. Kalyuzhny

At the post-sedimentation stage, the studied salt strata were exposed to high temperature (58–72 °C) and high (up to several tens of MPa) pressure. Although there are opinions of the inability of primary inclusions in such halite to determine the physical and chemical conditions of sedimentation, however, the informative value of primary inclusions in halite of the Majiagou Formation has remained. The preservation of the integrity (and thus the informative value) of primary inclusions in halite is evidenced by the same chemistry of their brines, which differs from that of secondary inclusions The sedimentation brines of the basin were concentrated to the middle of halite stage and points to the Na-K-Mg-Ca-Cl seawater.

The physical and chemical conditions of evaporites formation are not known enough. Currently, the results of the brine chemistry of primary fluid inclusions in marine halite are the best indicators of seawater composition in the Phanerozoic. It is established that the magnesium content in the brines of the Lower Paleozoic basins is lower comparing to modern seawater of the corresponding concentration, and the potassium ion concentration is higher. The chemical composition of the concentrated seawater from which the halite was crystallized in the Ordovician salt basin of Ordos, with the exception of the calcium ion content, is similar to the seawater chemistry of the Cambrian and Silurian basins, which indicates the relative constancy of Early Paleozoic seawater chemistry.

Age-related changes in the chemical composition of seawater are always consistent with many quantitatively or qualitatively characterized processes of the Earth’s crust evolution. So we believe that the causes that led to more than twice the potassium content of Riphean-Devonian clays, unlike the younger ones, it were also the reason for the increase in potassium content in the Lower Paleozoic marine brines.

The studies conducted also clarify the limits of oscillation of calcium ion content, which determines the type of seawater. Its content in the sedimentary brines of the Ordos basin of the Middle Ordovician reaches 66 g/l at the middle of halite stage. Therefore, at the beginning of the stage of halite precipitation, its content should be approximately 20 g/l (considering its theoretical content of 10 g/l with the modern composition of the atmosphere). Apparently, the cause of the abnormally high calcium content in the early Paleozoic Ocean was the direct flow of it with hydrothermal solutions into the ocean during the activation of global tectonics of the Earth and the increase of solubility of carbonates of continents and ocean floor due to high carbon dioxide atmospheric content.

Full Text

Keywords

halite, primary inclusions, homogenization temperature, seawater.

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