Tag: clay minerals

Posted on by

THE INFLUENCE OF MARINE AND CONTINENTAL WATERS ON THE CLAY MINERALS TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF EVAPORITE DEPOSITS (on the example of the Kalush-Holin’ deposit, Carpathian Foredeep)

Home > Archive > No. 3–4 (191–192) 2023 > 122–134

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 3–4 (191–192) 2023, 122–134

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2023.191-192.122

Sofiya HRYNIV, Yaroslava YAREMCHUK, Natalia RADKOVETS

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: sophia_hryniv@ukr.net

Abstract

The influence of the chemical composition of marine and continental waters on the formation and transformation of clay minerals is considered on the example of evaporites of the Kalush-Holin’ potash deposit of the Carpathian Foredeep. Clay minerals under variable physical and chemical conditions become unstable and transformed, adapting to new conditions. The main factor that causes changes in their composition and structure is the concentration of brines.

The increased concentration of brines at the stage of deposition of potassium salts contributed to the aggradational transformation of clay minerals, the transformation of labile minerals into illite and chlorite that are stable in the hipersaline environment. These two minerals – illite and chlorite are characteristic of the Kalush-Holin’ potash deposit. Further arrangement of the structure leads to the transformation of part of the illite into mica. On the clay fraction diffractograms of some potash rocks, the basal reflex 001 is wide and bifurcated at the top on a line with interplanar distances of 0.99 and 1.0 nm, this indicates the presence of structurally similar minerals – mica and illite.

Under conditions of hypergenesis, when evaporite deposits are washed away by fresh surface waters, a reverse process (degradational transformation) takes place, which occurs in the leaching of potassium from the interlayer space of a part of illite and the formation of labile clay structures. The clay mineral association of the gypsum-clay caprock of evaporite deposits, in addition to illite and chlorite, also contains mixed-layer illite-smectite and kaolinite – the appearance of these clay minerals in hypergenic deposits is the result of degradational transformation (illite-smectite) and formation de novo (kaolinite) under conditions of decreased saline brine concentration.

Capture of potassium by the structure of the mixed-layer illite-smectite and its transition into illite (aggradational transformation) occurs more easily than the reverse process – potassium leaching and transformation of illite into a mixed-layer illite-smectite (degradational transformation).

Full Text

Keywords

clay minerals, aggradational and degradational transformation, evaporite deposits, hypergenesis zone, gypsum-clay caprock

Referenses

Andreyeva-Grigorovich, A., Oszczypko, N., Savitskaya, N., Ślączka, A., & Trofimovicz, N. (2003). Correlation of the Badenian Salts of the Wieliczka, Bochnia and Kalush Areas (Polish and Ukrainian Carpathian Foredeep). Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae, 73, 67–89.

Bąbel, M. & Schreiber, B. C. (2014). Geochemistry of Evaporites and Evolution of Seawater. In H. D. Holland & K. K. Turekian (Eds.), Treatise on Geochemistry (2nd ed.) (Vol. 9, pp. 483–560). Elsevier. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00718-X

Bilonizhka, P. M. (1992). Transformatsiini peretvorennia teryhennykh hlynystykh mineraliv pid chas halohenezu. Mineralohichnyi zbirnyk, 45(2), 51–56. [in Ukrainian]

Bilonizhka, P. M. (2001). Pryroda mizhsharovoi vody v hidrosliudakh. Mineralohichnyi zbirnyk, 51(1), 142–148. [in Ukrainian]

Bilonizhka, P., Iaremchuk, Ia., Hryniv, S., & Vovnyuk, S. (2012). Clay minerals of Miocene evaporites of the Carpathian Region, Ukraine. Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego, 449, 137–146.

Bodine, M. W., Jr. (1985). Trioctahedral Clay Mineral Assemblages in Paleozoic Marine Evaporite Rocks. In Sixth International Symposium on Salt (Vol. 1, pp. 267–284).

Calvo, J. P., Blanc-Valleron, M. M., Rodriguez Arandia, J. P., Rouchy, J. M., & Sanz, M. E. (1999). Authigenic clay minerals in continental evaporitic environments. International Association Sedimentologists Special Publication, 27, 129–151.

Drits, V. A., & Kossovskaya, A. G. (1990). Glinistyye mineraly: smektity, smeshanosloynyye obrazovaniya. Moskva: Nauka. [in Russian]

Dunoyer de Segonzac, G. (1970). The transformation of clay minerals during diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism: a review. Sedimentology, 15(3–4), 281–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1970.tb02190.x

Dzhinoridze, N. M., Rogova, M. S., & Telegin, V. P. (1974). Vulkanogennyye porody Kalush-Golynskogo mestorozhdeniya kaliynykh soley. Trudy VNIIGalurgii, 71, 36–56. [in Russian]

Frank-Kamenetskiy, V. A., Kotov, N. V., & Goylo, E. L. (1983). Transformatsionnyye preobrazovaniya sloistykh silikatov. Leningrad: Nedra. [in Russian]

Galán, E. (2006). Genesis of Clay Minerals. In F. Bergaya, B. K. G. Theng & G. Lagaly (Eds.), Developments in Clay Science: Vol. 1. Handbook of Clay Science (Ch. 14, pp. 1129–1162). Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1572-4352(05)01042-1

Honty, M., Uhlík, P., Šucha, V., Čaplovičova, M, Franců, J., Clauer, N., & Biroň, A. (2004). Smectite-to-illite alteration in salt-bearing bentonites (East Slovak Basin). Clay and Clay Minerals, 52, 533–551. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2004.0520502

Korenevskiy, S. M. (1954). Miotsenovyye vulkanicheskiye tufy Predkarpatia. Trudy VNIIGalurgii, 29, 176–196. [in Russian]

Kossovskaya, A. G., & Drits, V. A. (1975). Kristallokhimiya dioktaedricheskikh slyud, khloritov i korrensitov kak indikatorov geologicheskikh obstanovok. In Kristallokhimiya mineralov i geologicheskiye problemy (pp. 60–69). Moskva: Nauka. [in Russian]

Lanson, B., Beaufort, D., Berger, G., Bauer, A., Cassagnabere, A., & Meunier A. (2002). Authigenic kaolin and illitic minerals during burial diagenesis of sandstones: a review. Clay Minerals, 37(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1180/0009855023710014

Lipnitskiy, V. K. (1971). Litologicheskiye osobennosti i solevoy kompleks chetvertichnykh otlozheniy i porod gipsovo-glinistoy shlyapy Stebnikskogo mestorozhdeniya kaliynykh soley. In Materialy po gidrogeologii i geologicheskoy roli podzemnykh vod (pp. 98–108). Leningrad: Izdatelstvo Leningradskogo universiteta. [in Russian]

Lobanova, V. V. (1956). Voprosy petrografii kaliynykh zalezhey Vostochnogo Predkarpatia. Trudy VNIIGalurgii, 32, 164–214. [in Russian]

McCaffrey, M. A., Lazar, B., & Holland, H. D. (1987). The evaporation path of seawater and the coprecipitation of Br and K with halite. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 57(5), 928–937. https://doi.org/10.1306/212F8CAB-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D

Meunier, A. (2005). Clays. Berlin: Springer.

Millot, G. (1970). Geology of Clays: Weathering, Sedimentology, Geochemistry (R. W. Farrand & H. Paquet, Trans.). New York; Berlin: Springer.

Millot, G., Lucas, J., & Paquet, H. (1966). Evolution géochimique par dégradation et agradation des minéraux argileux dans l’hydrosphère. Geologische Rundschau, 55, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01982951

Nikolishin, V. P. (1969). Gipso-glinistaya shlyapa Dombrovskogo mestorozhdeniya kaliynykh soley. Trudy VNIIGalurgii, 54, 308–312. [in Russian]

Oliiovych, O., Yaremchuk, Ya., & Hryniv, S. (2004). Hlyny halohennykh vidkladiv i kory zvitriuvannia Kalush-Holynskoho rodovyshcha kaliinykh solei (miotsen, Peredkarpattia). Mineralohichnyi zbirnyk, 54(2), 214–223. [in Ukrainian]

Petrichenko, O. Y. (1988). Fiziko-khimicheskiye usloviya osadkoobrazovaniya v drevnikh solerodnykh basseynakh. Kiev: Naukova dumka. [in Russian]

Rosenberg, P. E. (2002). The nature, formation, and stability of end-member illite: a hypothesis. American Mineralogist, 87, 103–107. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2002-0111

Rudko, H. I., & Petryshyn, V. Yu. (2017). Soliani resursy Peredkarpattia ta perspektyvy yikh vykorystannia. Kyiv; Chernivtsi: Bukrek. [in Ukrainian]

Semchuk, Ya. M. (1995). Naukovi ta metodychni osnovy okhorony heolohichnoho seredovyshcha v raionakh rozrobky kaliinykh rodovyshch (na prykladi Peredkarpattia) [Extended abstract of Doctorʼs thesis, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University]. Ivano-Frankivsk. [in Ukrainian]

Shestopalov, M., Liutyi, H., & Sanina, I. (2019). Suchasni pidkhody do hidroheolohichnoho raionuvannia Ukrainy. Mineralni resursy Ukrainy, 2, 3–12. https://doi. org/10.31996/mru.2019.2.3-12 [in Ukrainian]

Sokolova, T. N. (1982). Autigennoye silikatnoye mineraloobrazovaniye raznykh stadiy osoloneniya. Moskva: Nauka. [in Russian]

Środoń, J. (1978). Illite group clay minerals. In G. V. Middleton, M. J. Church, M. Coniglio, L. A. Hardie & F. J. Longstaffe (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks (p. 115). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-3609-5

Turner, C. E., & Fishman, N. S. (1991). Jurassic Lake T’oo’dichi: a large alkaline, saline lake, Morison Formation, eastern Colorado Plateau. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 103(4), 538–558. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-32344-9

Weaver, C. E. (1989). Developments in Sedimentology: Vol. 44. Clays, muds, and shales. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Wójtowicz, A., Hryniv, S. P., Peryt, T. M., Bubniak, A., Bubniak, I., & Bilonizhka, P. M. (2003). K-Ar dating of the Miocene potash salts of the Carpathian Foredeep (West Ukraine): application to dating of tectonic events. Geologica Carpatica, 54(4), 243–249.

Yaremchuk, Ya. V. (2012). Zalezhnist asotsiatsii hlynystykh mineraliv neohenovykh evaporytiv Karpatskoho rehionu vid kontsentratsii rozsoliv solerodnykh baseiniv. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 160–161(3–4), 119–130. [in Ukrainian]

Yaremchuk, Y., Hryniv, S., Peryt, T., Vovnyuk, S., & Meng, F. (2020). Controls on Associations of Clay Minerals in Phanerozoic Evaporite Formations: An Overview. Minerals, 10(11), 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/min10110974

Posted on by

LITHOGEOCHEMISTRY OF BLACK SHALES OF THE PHANEROZOIC OF THE WESTERN UKRAINE – UNCONVENTIONAL HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS

Home > Archive > No. 1–2 (187–188) 2022 > 82–102

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1–2 (187–188) 2022, 82–102.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2022.01-02.082

Ihor POPP, Petro MOROZ, Mykhaylo SHAPOVALOV

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail: itpopp@ukr.net

Abstract

The purpose of this work is to compare the lithological, geochemical and mineralogical features of carbonaceous clayey and siliceous-clay rocks of Cretaceous-Paleogene flysch of the Ukrainian Carpathians and Lower Silurian of the Volyn-Podillya edge of the East European Platform and to determine the factors that contributed to the formation of zones of “unconventional reservoirs” in these sedimentary strata of cracked and mixed types.

Data from the lithology, geochemistry and mineralogy of bituminous siliceous-clay rocks and siliceous rocks of Lower Cretaceous and Oligocene of the Carpathians and black argillites of Lower Silurian of the Volyn-Podillya edge of the East European Platform are presented.

Sedimentogenesis of Lower Cretaceous and Oligocene bituminous deposits of the Carpathians and Lower Silurian deposits of Volyn-Podillya took place in anoxic conditions (phases of oceanic anoxic events: OAE-1 (Barrem–Albian), OAE-4 (Oligocene) and at the border of Ordovician and Silurian. Paleoceanographic conditions of their sedimentation differed significantly. The first are deep-sea formations at the foot of the continental slope of the Carpathian segment of the Tethys Ocean, the second were accumulated in the warm shallow sea on the eastern shelf of the West European Sea Basin.

The layered texture of carbonaceous deposits, as well as the catagenetic transformation of rock-forming clay and siliceous minerals and their hydrophobization, played a significant role in the formation of the filtration capacity properties of “unconventional reservoirs”. In Cretaceous-Paleogene flysch deposits of the Carpathians, “unconventional reservoirs” are usually terrigenous-clay or siliceous-clay rocks with shale and layered texture or compacted sandstones localized in conventional oil, gas or condensate deposits. Lower Silurian clay deposits of Volyn-Podillya are promising for the search for “shale gas”.

Full Text

Keywords

unconventional reservoirs, black shales, shale gas, clay minerals, organic carbon

Referenses

Afanaseva, I. M. (1983). Litogenez i geokhimiya flishevoi formatsii severnogo sklona Sovetskikh Karpat. Kiev: Naukova dumka. [in Russian]

Beckwith, R. (2013). California’s Monterey Formation Zeroing in on a New Shale Oil Play? J. Pet. Technol., 5, (65), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.2118/0513-0044-JPT

Behl, R. J. (2011). Chert spheroids of the Monterey Formation, California (USA): early-diagenetic structures of bedded siliceous deposits. Sedimentology, 58, 325–351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2010.01165.x

Bratcher, J. C., Kaszuba, J. P., Herz-Thyhsen, R. J., & Dewey, J. C. (2021). Ionic strength and pH effects on water–rock interaction in an unconventional siliceous reservoir: on the use of formation water in hydraulic fracturing. Energy Fuels, 35(22), 18414–18429. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c02322

Cipolla, C. L., Lolon, E. P., Erdle, J. C., & Rubin, B. (2010). Reservoir Modeling in Shale-Gas Reservoirs. SPE Res Eval & Eng, 13(04), 638–653. https://doi.org/10.2118/125530-PA

Curtis, J. B. (2002). Fractured shale-gas systems. AAPG Bulletin, 86(11), 1921–1938. https://doi.org/10.1306/61EEDDBE-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D

Gabinet, M. P. (1985). Postsedimentatsionnie preobrazovaniya flisha Ukrainskikh Karpat. Kiev: Naukova dumka. [in Russian]

Gabinet, M. P., & Gabinet, L. M. (1991). K geokhimii organicheskogo veshchestva bituminoznikh argillitov flishevoi formatsii Karpat. Geologiya i geokhimiya goryuchikh iskopaemikh, 76, 23–31. [in Russian]

Gabinet, M. P., Kulchitskii, Ya. O., & Matkovskii, O. I. (1976). Geologiya i poleznie iskopaemie Ukrainskikh Karpat (Part 1). Lvov: Izdatelstvo Lvovskogo universiteta. [in Russian]

Gurzhii, D. V., Gabinet, M. P., Kiselev A. Ye. i dr. (1983). Litologiya i porodi-kollektori na bolshikh glubinakh v neftegazonosnikh provintsiyakh. Kiev: Naukova dumka. [in Russian]

Hryhorchuk, K. H., & Senkovskyi, Yu. M. (2013). Dyskretne formuvannia rezervuariv “slantsevoho” hazu v eksfiltratsiinomu katahenezi. Heodynamika, 1(14), 61‒67. https://doi.org/10.23939/jgd2013.01.061 [in Ukrainian]

Hubych, I., Krupskyi, Yu., Lazaruk, Ya., & Syrota, T. (2012). Aktualni aspekty heolohii ta heokhimii slantsevoho hazu Volyno-Podillia. Heoloh Ukrainy, 1‒2, 135‒140. [in Ukrainian]

Isaacs, C. M. (1984). Geology and Physical Properties of the Monterey Formation, California. In SPE California Regional Meeting. SPE-12733-MS. Society of Petroleum Engineers. https://doi.org/10.2118/12733-MS

Jiang, S. (2012). Clay Minerals from the Perspective of Oil and Gas Exploration. In M. Valaškova, & G. S. Martynkova (Eds.), Clay Minerals in Nature – Their Characterization, Modification and Application. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/47790

Klubova, T. T. (1988). Glinistie kolektori nefti i gaza. Moskva: Nedra. [in Russian]

Kolodii, V. V., Boiko, H. Yu., Boichevska, L. T., Bratus, M. D., Velychko, N. Z., Harasymchuk, V. Yu., Hnylko, O. M., Danysh, V. V., Dudok, I. V., Zubko, O. S., Kaliuzhnyi, V. A., Kovalyshyn, Z. I., Koltun, Yu. V., Kopach, I. P., Krupskyi, Yu. Z., Osadchyi, V. H., Kurovets, I. M., Lyzun, S. O., Naumko, I. M., . . . Shcherba, O. S. (2004). Karpatska naftohazonosna provintsiia. Lviv; Kyiv: Ukrainskyi vydavnychyi tsentr. [in Ukrainian]

Koltun, Yu. V. (1993). Source rock potential of the black formation of the Ukrainian Carpathians. Acta Geologica Hungarica, 2(36), 251–261.

Kondrat, О. R., & Hedzyk, N. M. (2014). Study of adsorption processes influence on development of natural gas fields with low permeability reservoirs. Rozvidka ta rozrobka naftovykh i hazovykh rodovyshch, 4(53), 7‒17.

Kosakowski, P., Koltun, Yu., Machowski, G., Poprawa, P., & Papiernik, B. (2018). The geochemical characteristics of the Oligocene – Lower Miocene Menilite Formation in the Polish and Ukranian Outer Carpathians: a review. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 41(3), 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpg.12705

Krupskyi, Yu. Z., Kurovets, I. M., Senkovskyi, Yu. M., Mykhailov, V. A., Chepil, P. M., Dryhant, D. M., Shlapinskyi, V. S., Koltun, Yu. V., Chepil, V. P., Kurovets, S. S., & Bodlak, V. P. (2014). Netradytsiini dzherela vuhlevodniv Ukrainy: Vol. 2. Zakhidnyi naftohazonosnyi rehion. Kyiv: Nika-Tsentr. [in Ukrainian]

Kukhar, N. P., Petrovskyi, O. P., & Hanzhenko, N. S. (2013). Zastosuvannia heofizychnykh metodiv dlia poshukiv, rozvidky i rozrobky pryrodnoho hazu zi slantsevykh porid. Heodynamika, 2(15), 195‒197. https://doi.org/10.23939/jgd2013.02.195 [in Ukrainian]

Kurovets, I. M., Mykhailov, V. A., Zeikan, O. Yu., Krupskyi, Yu. Z., Hladun, V. V., Chepil, P. M., Hulii, V. M., Kurovets, S. S., Kasianchuk, S. V., Hrytsyk, I. I., & Naumko, I. M. (2014). Netradytsiini dzherela vuhlevodniv Ukrainy: Vol. 1. Netradytsiini dzherela vuhlevodniv: ohliad problemy. Kyiv: Nika-Tsentr. [in Ukrainian]

Kurovets, S. S. (2016). Naukovo-metodychni zasady otsinky vtorynnykh yemnostei porid-kolektoriv yak osnova efektyvnoho prohnozu naftohazonosnosti nadr [Extended abstract of Doctorʼs thesis]. Ivano-Frankivsk. [in Ukrainian]

Liehui, Z., Baochao, S., Yulong, Z., & Zhaoli, G. (2019). Review of micro seepage mechanisms in shale gas reservoirs. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 139, 144‒179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.04.141

Loktiev, A. V., Pavliuk, M. I., & Loktiev, A. A. (2011). Perspektyvy vidkryttia pokladiv “slantsevoho“ hazu v mezhakh Volyno-Podilskoi okrainy Skhidno-Yevropeiskoi platformy. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 3–4(156–157), 5–23. [in Ukrainian]

Loucks, R. G., Reed, R. M., Ruppel, S. C., & Jarvie, D. M. (2009). Morphology, genesis, and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnet shale. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 79(12), 848–861. http://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2009.092

Lukin, A. Ye. (2010a). Slantsevii gaz i perspektivi yego dobichi v Ukraine. Statya 1. Sovremennoe sostoyanie problemi slantsevogo gaza (v svete opita osvoeniya yego resursov v SShA). Heolohichnyi zhurnal, 3, 17–33. https://doi.org/10.30836/igs.1025-6814.2010.3.219195 [in Russian]

Lukin, A. Ye. (2010b). Slantsevii gaz i perspektivi yego dobichi v Ukraine. Statya 2. Chernoslantsevie kompleksi Ukraini i perspektivi ikh gazonosnosti v Volino-Podolii i Severo-Zapadnom Prichernomore. Heolohichnyi zhurnal, 4, 7–24. https://doi.org/10.30836/igs.1025-6814.2010.4.215055 [in Russian]

Lukin, A. Ye. (2011a). O prirode i perspektivakh gazonosnosti nizkopronitsaemikh porod osadochnoi obolochki Zemli. Dopovidi NAN Ukrainy, 3, 114–123. [in Russian]

Lukin, A. Ye. (2011b). Priroda slantsevogo gaza v kontekste problem neftegazovoi litologii. Geologiya i poleznie iskopaemie Mirovogo okeana, 3, 70–85. [in Russian]

Lukin, A. Ye. (2016). O novikh geneticheskikh tipakh porod litosferi – vazhneishikh faktorakh formirovaniya kollektorov nefti i gaza. Tektonika i stratyhrafiia, 43, 5‒18. https://doi.org/10.30836/igs.0375-7773.2016.108272 [in Russian]

Monchak, L., Khomyn, V., Maievskyi, B., Shkitsa, L., Kurovets, S., Zderka, T., & Stasyk, I. (2013). Haz sharuvatykh nyzkoporystykh verkhnokreidovykh porid (slantsevyi haz) Skybovykh Karpat. Heoloh Ukrainy, 1(141), 56‒62. https://doi.org/10.53087/ug.2013.1(41).246559 [in Ukrainian]

Naumko, I. M., Kurovets, I. M., Zubyk, M. I., Batsevych, N. V., Sakhno, B. E., & Chepusenko, P. S. (2017). Hydrocarbon compounds and plausible mechanism of gas generation in “shale” gas prospective Silurian deposits of Lviv Paleozoic depression. Heodynamika, 1(22), 26–41. https://doi.org/10.23939/jgd2017.01.036

Nesterov, I. I., Ushatinskii, I. N., Malikhin, A. Ya., Stavitskii, B. P., & Pyankov, B. N. (1987). Neftenosnost glinistikh tolshch Zapadnoi Sibiri. Moskva: Nedra. [in Russian]

Passey, Q. R., Bohacs, K. M., Esch, W. L., Klimentidis, R., & Sinha, S. (2010). From Oil-Prone Source Rock to Gas-Producing Shale Reservoir – Geologic and Petrophysical Characterization of Unconventional Shale-Gas Reservoirs. In CPS/SPE International Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition in China held in Beijing, China, 8–10 June 2010. SPE 131350. Society of Petroleum Engineers. https://doi.org/10.2118/131350-MS

Popp, I. T. (1995). Naftomaterynski vlastyvosti bituminoznykh kremenystykh vidkladiv Ukrainskykh Karpat. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 3–4, (92–93), 35–41. [in Ukrainian]

Popp, I. T. (2005). Okremi aspekty problemy litohenezu naftohazonosnykh vidkladiv kreidovo-paleohenovoho flishovoho kompleksu Peredkarpatskoho prohynu ta ukrainskykh Karpat. Chastyna 1. Sedymentohenez i postsedymentatsiini peretvorennia. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 3–4, 43–59. [in Ukrainian]

Popp, I., Moroz, P., & Shapovalov, M. (2019). Litoloho-heokhimichni typy kreidovo-paleohenovykh vidkladiv Ukrainskykh Karpat ta umovy yikhnoho formuvannia. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 4(181), 116‒133. https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2019.04.116 [in Ukrainian]

Popp, I., Shapovalov, M., & Moroz, P. (2018). Mineralohichnyi ta heokhimichnyi aspekt problemy slantsevoho hazu (na prykladi chornykh arhilitiv zakhodu Ukrainy). Mineralohichnyi zbirnyk, 1(68), 184–186. [in Ukrainian]

Popp, I. T., Shapovalov, M. V., & Moroz, P. V. (2019). Chorni arhility zakhodu Ukrainy yak potentsiini porody-kolektory (mineraloho-heokhimichnyi aspekt problemy “slantsevoho hazu”). In Heolohiia horiuchykh kopalyn: dosiahnennia ta perspektyvy: materialy III Mizhnarodnoi naukovoi konferentsii (pp. 42–47). Kyiv. [in Ukrainian]

Rauball, J. F., Sachsenhofer, R. F., Bechtel, A., Coric, S., & Gratzer, R. (2019). The Oligocene‒Miocene Menilite Formation in the Ukrainian Carpathians: a world-class source rock. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 42(4), 393‒415. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpg.12743

Ross, D. J. K., & Bustin, R. M. (2009). The importance of shale composition and pore structure upon gas storage potential of shale gas reservoirs. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 26(6), 916–927. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2008.06.004

Rudko, H. I., Hryhil, H. V., & Simachenko, H. V. (2017). Ekolohichna bezpeka rodovyshch vuhlevodniv netradytsiinoho typu v Ukraini. Kyiv; Chernivtsi: Bukrek. [in Ukrainian]

Samvelov, R. G. (1995). Zalezhi uglevodorodov na bolshikh glubinakh: osobennosti formirovaniya i razmeshcheniya. Geologiya nefti i gaza, 9, 5–15. [in Russian]

Schwalbach, J. R., Gordon, S. A., O’Brien, C. P., Lockman, D. F., Benmore, W. C., Huggins, C. A. (2009). Reservoir characterization Monterey Formation siliceous shales: tools and applications. In Contributions to the Geology of the San Joaquin Basin, California. Pacific Section American Association of Petroleum Geologists. MP 48. https://doi.org/10.32375/2009-MP48.7

Senkovskyi, Yu., Hryhorchuk, K., Hnidets, V., & Koltun, Yu. (2004). Heolohichna paleookeanohrafiia okeanu Tetis (Karpato-Chornomorskyi sehment). Kyiv: Naukova dumka. [in Ukrainian]

Senkovskyi, Yu. M., Hryhorchuk, K. H., Koltun, Yu. V., Hnidets, V. P., Radkovets, N. Ya., Popp, I. T., Moroz, M. V., Moroz, P. V., Rever, A. O., Haievska Yu. P., Havryshkiv, H. Ya., Kokhan, O. M., & Koshil, L. B. (2019). Litohenez osadovykh kompleksiv okeanu Tetis. Karpato-Chornomorskyi sehment. Kyiv: Naukova dumka. [in Ukrainian]

Senkovskyi, Yu. M., Koltun, Yu. V., Hryhorchuk, K. H., Hnidets, V. P., Popp, I. T., & Radkovets, N. Ya. (2012). Bezkysnevi podii okeanu Tetis. Karpato-Chornomorskyi sehment. Kyiv: Naukova dumka. [in Ukrainian]

Tisso, B., & Velte, D. (1981). Obrazovanie i rasprostranenie nefti. Moskva: Mir. [in Russian]

Visotskii, I. V., & Visotskii, V. I. (1986). Formirovanie neftyanikh, gazovikh i kondensatnogazovikh mestorozhdenii. Moskva: Nedra. [in Russian]

Vyalov, O. S., Gavura, S. P., Danish, V. V., Lemishko, O. D., Leshchukh, R. I., Ponomareva, L. D., Romaniv, A. M., Smirnov, S. Ye., Smolinskaya, N. I., & Tsarnenko, P. N. (1988). Stratotipi melovikh i paleogenovikh otlozhenii Ukrainskikh Karpat. Kiev: Naukova dumka. [in Russian]

Vyalov, O. S., Gavura, S. P., Danish, V. V., Leshchukh, R. I., Ponomareva, L. D., Romaniv, A. M., Tsarnenko, P. N., & Tsizh, I. T. (1981). Istoriya geologicheskogo razvitiya Ukrainskikh Karpat. Kiev: Naukova dumka. [in Russian]

Wilson, M. J., Shaldybin, M. V., & Wilson, L. (2016). Clay mineralogy and unconventional hydrocarbon shale reservoirs in the USA. I. Occurrence and interpretation of mixed-layer R3 ordered illite/smectite. Earth-Science Reviews, 158, 31‒50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.04.004

Yan, B., Alfi, M., Wang, Y., & Killough, J. E. (2013). A New Approach for the Simulation of Fluid Flow in Unconventional Reservoirs through Multiple Permeability Modeling. In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 30 September–2 October 2013. SPE 166173. https://doi.org/10.2118/166173-MS

Yevdoshchuk, M. I., & Bondar, H. M. (2019). Prohnozuvannia porid-kolektoriv v hlybokozanurenykh horyzontakh. In Heolohiia horiuchykh kopalyn: dosiahnennia ta perspektyvy: materialy III Mizhnarodnoi naukovoi konferentsii (pp. 69–73). Kyiv. [in Ukrainian]

Posted on by

CLAY MINERALS FROM ROCK SALT OF BAHADUR KHEL FORMATION, EOCENE, PAKISTAN

Home > Archive > No. 1 (182) 2020 > 87-100

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1 (182) 2020, 87-100.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2020.01.087

Yaroslava YAREMCHUK, Serhiy VOVNYUK

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, е-mail: slava.yaremchuk@gmail.com

Mohammad TARIQ

Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Department of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Quetta, Pakistan

Abstract

According to studies of the pelitic fraction of the water-insoluble residue of 10 samples of Eocene rock salt of the Bahadur Khel Formation (Pakistan), it was determined that the clay minerals association contains swelling chlorite, chlorite-smectite, illite and kaolinite; chlorite was identified in three samples. Non-clay minerals are represented by quartz, dolomite, less often – magnesite; one sample contains impurities of both carbonates. Swelling chlorite, chlorite and mixed-layer minerals are trioctahedral, and illite and kaolinite are dioctahedral. All identified clay minerals, with the exception of kaolinite, are authigenic.

The presence of swelling chlorite in Eocene rock salt is probably caused by changes in the concentration of brines in the basin against the background of complex geological processes of this era (climate change from thermal maximum to global cooling, changes in water circulation in oceans, changes in isotopic composition of carbonates).

The association of clay minerals of Eocene rock salt, taking into account the peculiarities of its composition and the presence of swelling chlorite in it, we attributed to that formed during the SO4-rich seawater chemical type. This is also confirmed by two finds of swelling chlorite in the Triassic evaporites (rock salt of the Western Moroccan Basin, Midland marl) described in the literature, which are known to have been deposited from SO4-rich seawater.

The presence of kaolinite in almost all samples is caused by its largest accumulation in sediments of this time period – terrigenous kaolinite came in large quantities from dry land and did not transform even at the stage halite precipitation.

Full Text

Keywords

clay minerals, swelling chlorite, rock salt, Eocene, Bahadur Khel Salt, Pakistan.

REFERENCES

Bain, D. C., & Russell, J. D. (1981). Swelling minerals in a basalt and its weathering products from Morvern, Scotland: II. Swelling chlorite. Clay Miner., 16 (2), 203-212. doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1981.016.2.08
https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1981.016.2.08
 
Bilonizhka, P. M. (1973). Nekotorye osobennosti mineral’nogo sostava glin nizhnemolasovykh otlozhenii Prikarpat’ya. In Voprosy litologii i petrografii (Kn. 2, s. 113-120). L’vov: Izdatel’stvo L’vovskogo universiteta. [in Russian]
 
Brindley, G. W. (1961). Chlorite minerals. In G. Brown (ed.), The X-ray identification and crystal structures of clay minerals (pp. 242-296). The Mineralogical Society, London.
 
Brindli, G. V. (1965). Khloritovye mineraly. In G. Braun (red.), Rentgenovskie metody izucheniya i struktura glinistykh mineralov. (V. A. Drits i dr., per. s angl.; V. A. Frank-Kamenetskii, red.) (s. 284-344). Moskva: Mir. [in Russian]
 
Carroll, D. (1970). Clay Minerals: A Guide to Their X-ray Identification (Special Paper 126). Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America.
https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE126-p1
 
Frank-Kamenetskii, V. A. (red.). (1983). Rentgenografiya osnovnykh tipov porodoobrazuyushchikh mineralov (sloistye i karkasnye silikaty). Leningrad: Nedra. [in Russian]
 
Frank-Kamenetskii, V. A., Kotov, N. V., & Goilo, E. L. (1983). Transformatsionnye preobrazovaniya sloistykh silikatov. Leningrad: Nedra. [in Russian]
 
Gavrilov, Yu. O., & Shcherbinina, E. A. (2004). Global’noe biosfernoe sobytie na granitse paleotsena i eotsena. In Yu. O. Gavrilov & M. D. Khutorskoi (red.), Sovremennye problemy geologii (s. 493-531). Moskva: Nauka. [in Russian]
 
Hardie, L. A. (1996). Secular variation in seawater chemistry: An explanation for the coupled secular variation in the mineralogies of marine limestones and potash evaporites over the past 600 m. y. Geology, 24, 279-283.
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0279:SVISCA>2.3.CO;2
 
Holland, H. D. (2003). The geologic history of seawater. Treatise on Geochemistry, 6, 583-625.
 
Honeyborne, D. B. (1951). The clay minerals in the Keuper marl. Clay min. Bull., 1 (5), 150-157.
https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1951.001.5.05
 
Horita, J., Zimmermann, H., & Holland, H. D. (2002). Chemical evolution of seawater during the Phanerozoic: Implications from the record of marine evaporites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66, 3733-3756.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00884-5
 
Jaumé, S. C., & Lillie, R. J. (1988). Mechanics of the Salt Range-Potwar Plateau, Pakistan: A fold-and-thrust belt underlain by evaporites. Tectonics, 7, 57-71.
https://doi.org/10.1029/TC007i001p00057
 
Kazmi, A. H., & Jan, M. Q. (1997). Geology and Tectonics of Pakistan. Nazimabad; Karachi: Graphic Publishers.
 
Khrushcheva, M. O., & Nebera, T. S. (2019). Swelling clay minerals of bottom sediments of Uskol lake (Republic of Khakassia). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 319, Article 012010. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/319/1/012010
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/319/1/012010
 
Kossovskaya, A. G., & Drits, V. A. (1975). Kristallokhimiya dioktaedricheskikh slyud, khloritov i korrensitov kak indikatorov geologicheskikh obstanovok. In Kristallokhimiya mineralov i geologicheskie problemy (s. 60-69). Moskva: Nauka. [in Russian]
 
Kovalevich, V. M., & Vovnyuk, S. V. (2010). Vekovye variatsii khimizma morskikh evaporitovykh basseinov i vod Mirovogo okeana. Geologiya i poleznye iskopaemye Mirovogo okeana, 4, 50-64. [in Russian]
 
Kovalevych, V. M., Peryt, T. M., & Petrychenko, O. I. (1998). Secular variation in seawater chemistry during the Phanerozoic as indicated by brine inclusions in halite. The Journal of Geology, 106 (6), 695-712.
https://doi.org/10.1086/516054
 
Krupskaya, V. V., Krylov, A. A., & Sokolov, V. N. (2011). Glinistye mineraly kak indikatory uslovii osadkonakopleniya na rubezhakh mel-paleotsen-eotsen na khrebte Lomonosova (Severnyi ledovityi okean). Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki, 2 (88), 23-35. [in Russian]
 
Lowenstein, T. K., Timofeeff, M. N., Brennan, S. T. et al. (2001). Oscillations in Phanerozoic seawater chemistry: evidence from fluid inclusions. Science, 294, 1086-1088.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1064280
 
Lucas, J. (1962). La transformation des mineraux argileux dans la sedimentation. Etudes sur les argiles du Trias. Mem. Serv. Carte Geol. Als. et Lorraine, 20.
 
Meissner, C. R., Master J. M., Rashid, M. A., & Hussain, M. (1974). Stratigraphy of the Kohat Quadrangle, Pakistan. Geological survey professional paper, 716-D. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.
https://doi.org/10.3133/pp716D
 
Millo, Zh. (1968). Geologiya glin (vyvetrivanie, sedimentologiya, geokhimiya). (M. E. Kaplan, per. s frants.). Leningrad: Nedra. [in Russian]
 
Moore, D. M., & Reynolds, R. C. Jr. (1997). X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
 
Pastukhova, M. V. (1965). K poznaniyu autigennykh silikatnykh i alyumosilikatnykh mineralov v solenosnykh porodakh. Litologiya i poleznye iskopaemye, 3, 78-90. [in Russian]
 
Premovi, P. I., Todorovi, B. Z., & Stankovi, M. N. (2008). Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (KPB) Fish Clay at Hjerup (Stevns Klint, Denmark): Ni, Co, and Zn of the black marl. Geologica Acta, 6 (4), 369-382.
 
Shah, S. M. I. (ed.). (1977). Memoirs of the geological survey of Pakistan. Vol. 12. Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Quetta
 
Sokolova, T. N. (1982). Autigennoe silikatnoe mineraloobrazovanie rannikh stadii osoloneniya. Moskva: Nauka. [in Russian]
 
Strakhov, N. M. (1962). Osnovy teorii litogeneza. T. 3. Zakonomernosti sostava i razmeshcheniya aridnykh otlozhenii. Moskva: AN SSSR. [in Russian]
 
Suchecki, R. K., Perry, E. A., & Hubert, J. F. (1977). Clay Petrology of Cambro-Ordovician Continental Margin, Cow Head Klippe, Western Newfoundland. Clays and Clay Minerals, 25, 163-170. doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1977.0250301
https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1977.0250301
 
Velde, B. (1977). A proposed phase diagram for illite, expanding chlorite, corrensite and illite-montmorillonite mixed layered minerals. Clays and Clay Minerals, 25, 264-270.
https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1977.0250403
 
Weaver, C. E., & Beck, K. C. (Eds.). (1977). Developments in Sedimentology. Vol. 22. Miocene of the S.E. United States: A Model for Chemical Sedimentation in a Peri-Marine Environment. New York: Elsevier.
 
Yaremchuk, Ya. V. (2010). Hlynysti mineraly evaporytiv fanerozoiu ta yikhnia zalezhnist vid stadii zghushchennia rozsoliv i khimichnoho typu okeanichnoi vody. Zbirnyk naukovykh prats Instytutu heolohichnykh nauk NAN Ukrainy, 3, 138-146. doi.org/10.30836/igs.2522-9753.2010.147301 [in Ukrainian]
https://doi.org/10.30836/igs.2522-9753.2010.147301
 
Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., Billups, K. (2001). Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present. Science, 292 (5517), 686-693. doi.org/10.1126/science.1059412
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059412
Posted on by

THE GEOCHEMICAL CRITERIA OF CONNECTION OF HYDROCARBON DEPOSITS WITH EVAPORITES AND SEDIMENTARY FORMATIONS OF PHANEROZOIC (ON THE EXAMPLE OF OIL AND GAS BEARING BASINS OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE)

Home > Archive > No. 3-4 (172-173) 2017 > 56-75

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 3-4 (172-173) 2017, 56-75.

Serhiy VOVNYUK, Anatoliy HALAMAY, Sophia HRYNIV, Ihor DUDOK, Sophia MAKSYMUK, Andriy POBEREZHSKYY, Daria SYDOR, Iaroslava IAREMCHUK

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, е-mail: igggk@mail.lviv.ua

Abstract

Based on the results of mineralogical, petrological and fluid inclusion studies of Phanerozoic evaporates and sedimentary deposits the geochemical criteria of connection of hydrocarbons with evaporite and sedimentary formations have been defined. The study of fluid inclusions containing hydrocarbons has been conducted; the peculiarities of hydrocarbon gases distribution in subsurface sedimentary rocks and their possible connection to potential deep hydrocarbon deposits have been studied in regions of hydrocarbon deposits occurrence; the interaction between organic matter and clay minerals has been studied on the example of evaporate and terrigenous deposits of Carpathian region; the geochemistry of processes of vein minerals forming of different structural zones of Carpathians has been studied in relation to oil- and gas-bearing.

Based on geochemical study of peculiarities of fluid inclusions in halite we can reconstruct PT parameters of alteration and migration of hydrocarbons. The criteria of the hydrocarbon deposits prognosis are as follows: occurrence of bitumen bubbles (or droplets of oil with the hard bitumen crust) in fluid inclusions in halite together with elevated content of methane (above 50 %) and other hydrocarbon gases in inclusions. For the reliable estimation of oil and gas deposits occurrence in the underlying rocks it is important to have correlation between the results of complex geochemical study of fluid inclusions and bitumens in salt.

The direct features of oil and gas bearing (fields of anomalous concentrations of hydrocarbon compounds) determined in subsurface sedimentary complexes allow us to outline prioritized fields of potential hydrocarbon accumulation. The use of gas-geochemical method of study in complex oil and gas prospecting works allows to increase their effectiveness.

It is important to keep in mind during prospecting works for hydrocarbons that trapping of organic compounds (including gases) by interlayer space of clay minerals (in particular smectite) impacts the gas production ability of clay strata.

 Mineralogical and geochemical studies of vein formations in sedimentary complexes show that Crosno and Duklya zones and Marmarosh crystalline massive are the most promising oil- and gas-bearing regions of the Eastern Carpathians.

The determined geochemical criteria of hydrocarbon deposits occurrence allow increasing the effectiveness of prospecting works for oil and gas.

Full Text

Keywords

sedimentary formations, evaporites, Phanerozoic, hydrocarbons, fluid inclusions in halite, geochemical anomalies, clay minerals, vein formations.

Referenses

Alekseeva, T. V., Kabanov, B. P., Zolotareva, B. N., Alekseev, A. O., & Alekseeva, V. P. (2009). Guminovye veshchestva v sostave palygorskitovogo organo-mineral’nogo kompleksa iz iskopaemoi pochvy verkhnego karbona yuzhnogo Podmoskov’ya. Doklady Akademii nauk, 425 (2), 265–270. [in Russian]

Borkovskyi, O. O. (1995). Dosvid zastosuvannia heokhimichnykh metodiv poshukiv vuhlevodniv u Karpatskomu rehioni. In Stan, problemy i perspektyvy rozvytku naftohazovoho kompleksu Zakhidnoho rehionu Ukrainy: tezy dopovidei naukovo-praktychnoi konferentsii (Lviv, 28–30 bereznia 1995 r.) (pp. 51–52). Lviv. [in Ukrainian]

Cygan, R. T., Guggenheim, S., & van Groos, A. F. K. (2004). Molecular models for the intercalation of methane hydrate complexes in montmorillonite clay. J. Phys. Chem. B, 108 (39), 15141−15149.

Devid, D. (1990). Statisticheskii analiz dannykh v geologii. (Vols. 1–2). Moskva: Nedra. [in Russian]

Dudok, I. V. (2011a). Morfohenetychni typy vuhlevodnevykh vkliuchen u “marmaroskykh diamantakh” Skhidnykh Karpat. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 3–4 (156–157), 96–111. [in Ukrainian]

Dudok, I. (2011b). Poslidovnist formuvannia vuhlevodnevykh vkliuchen u “marmaroskykh diamantakh” Skhidnykh Karpat. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 1–2 (154–155), 54–56. [in Ukrainian]

Dudok, I. V., & Vovniuk, S. V. (2000). Heokhimiia izotopiv vuhletsiu i kysniu u zhylnykh utvorenniakh flishu Ukrainskykh Karpat. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 4, 30–37. [in Ukrainian]

Grim, R. E. (1959). Mineralogiya glin. (V. A. Frank-Kamenetskii, Ed). Moskva: IL. [in Russian]

Halamai, A. R. (2010). Fizyko-khimichni umovy osadzhennia ta postsedymentatsiinoi perekrystalizatsii badenskykh solei ukrainskoho Peredkarprattia. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 2, 64–77. [in Ukrainian]

Hryhorchuk, K. (2015). Rol mineraliv klasu sylikativ u formuvanni potentsialu hazonosnykh «slantsiv». In Fundamentalne znachennia i prykladna rol heolohichnoi osvity i nauky: tezy dopjdsltq Mizhnarodnoi naukovoi konferentsii, prysviachenoi 70-richchiu heolohichnoho fakultetu Lvivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni Ivana Franka (Lviv, 7–9 zhovtnia 2015 r.) (pp. 66–67). Lviv. [in Ukrainian]

Hryhorchuk, K. H., & Senkovskyi, Yu. M. (2013). Dyskretne formuvannia rezervuariv “slantsevoho” hazu v eksfiltratsiinomu katahenezi. Heodynamika, 1, 61–67. [in Ukrainian]

Jarmolowicz-Szulc, K., & Dudok, I. (2001). The importance of vein minerals for reconstruction of the diagenetic and catagenetic processes in the carpathian flych. Biul. Panstw. Inst. Geol., 396, 73–74.

Jarmolowicz-Szulc, K., & Dudok, I. (2005). Migration of paleofluids in the contact zone between the Dukla and Silesian units, Western Carpathians – avidence from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes in quartz and calcite. Geol. Quart., 49 (3), 291–304.

Keleberda, V. S. (2001). Heokhimichni poshuky nafty i hazu. Istorychnyi aspekt. Kharkiv. [in Ukrainian]

Kityk, V. I., & Petrychenko, O. Y. (1978). Vykorystannia vkliuchen u mineralakh dlia ziasuvannia umov formuvannia naftohazovykh rodovyshch. Visnyk Akademii nauk URSR, 1, 55–60. [in Ukrainian]

Klubova, T. T. (1973). Glinistye mineraly i ikh rol’ v genezise, migratsii i akkumulyatsii nefti. Moskva: Nedra. [in Russian]

Koltun, Y. V., Dudok, I. V., Kotarba, M. J., Adamenko, О. М., Pavlyuk, М. І., Burzewski, W., & Stelmakh, O. R. (2005). Geological setting and petroleum occurrence of the Starunia area, fore-Carpathian region, Ukraine. In Kotarba, M. J. (Ed.). Polish and Ukrainian geological studies (2004–2005) at Starunia – the area of discoveries of woolly rhinoceroses (pp. 61–78). Warszawa; Krakow: Pol. Geol. Inst. and “Geosphere” Society.

Koster van Groos, A. F., & Guggenheim, S. (2009). The stability of methane hydrate intercalates of montmorillonite and nontronite: Implications for carbon storage in ocean-floor environments. Am. Mineral., 94, 372–379.

Kotarba, M. J., Wieclaw, D., Koltun, Y. V., Kusmierek, J., Marynowski, L., & Dudok, I. V. (2008). Organic geochemical study and genetic correlation of natural gas, oil and Menilite source rocks in the San and Stryi rivers doab (Polish and Ukrainian Carpathians). Organic Geochemistry, 38, 1431–1456.

Kotarba, M. J., Wieclaw, D., Koltun, Y. V., Lewan, M. D., Marynowski, L., & Dudok, I. V. (2005). Organic geochemical study and genetic correlations between source rocks and hydrocarbons from surface seeps and deep accumulations in the Starunia area, fore-Carpathian region, Ukraine. In M. J. Kotarba (Ed.), Polish and Ukrainian geological studies (2004–2005) at Starunia – the area of discoveries of woolly rhinoceroses (pp. 125–146). Warszawa; Krakow: Pol. Geol. Inst. and “Geosphere” Society.

Kovalevich, V. M., & Sidor, D. V. (1992). Mikrovklyuchennye uglevodorody v kamennoi soli Solikamskoi vpadiny i ikh geneticheskaya informativnost’. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 1 (78), 89–95. [in Russian]

Kovalevych, V., Dudok, I., Poberezhskyi, A., Vovniuk, S., Halamai, A., Hryniv, S., Lytvyniuk, S., Sydor, D., & Yaremchuk, Ya. (2012). Khimiko-paleoheohrafichni indykatory prohnozu pokladiv vuhlevodniv ta korysnykh kopalyn vidkladiv kontynentalnykh okrain (za rezultatamy mineraloho-heokhimichnykh doslidzhen sulfatno-karbonatnykh i solenosnykh tovshch fanerozoiu Tsentralnoi ta Skhidnoi Yevropy). Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 3–4 (160–161), 66–81. [in Ukrainian]

Kovalevych, V., Peryt, T. M., Shanina, S., Więcław, D., & Lytvyniuk, S. (2008). Geochemical aureoles around oil and gas accumulations in the Zechstein (Upper Permian) of Poland: analysis of fluid inclusions in halite and bitumens in rock salt. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 31 (3), 245–262.

Krupskyi, Yu. Z. (2001). Heodynamichni umovy formuvannia i naftohazonosnist Karpatskoho ta Volyno-Podilskoho rehioniv Ukrainy. Kyiv: UkrDHRI. [in Ukrainian]

Kukovskii, E. G. (1966). Osobennosti stroeniya i fiziko-khimicheskie svoistva glinistykh mineralov. Kiev: Naukova dumka. [in Russian]

Lagaly, G., Ogawa, M., & Dékány I. (2006). Clay Mineral Organic Interactions. In F. Bergaya, B. K. G. Theng, G. Lagaly (Eds.), Handbook of Clay Science (pp. 309–378). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Lytvyniuk, S. F. (2007). Heokhimichni oreoly u soliakh nad pokladamy vuhlevodniv (za rezultatamy doslidzhen vkliuchen u haliti). Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 4, 95–111. [in Ukrainian]

Maksymuk, S. V. (2012). Osoblyvosti vidobrazhennia fliuidonasychenosti horyzontiv Vyshnianskoi ploshchi Zovnishnoi zony Peredkarpatskoho prohynu v heokhimichnykh poliakh prypoverkhnevykh vidkladiv. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 3–4 (160–161), 109–117. [in Ukrainian]

Maksymuk, S. V. (2013). Vuhlevodnevi hazy prypoverkhnevykh vidkladiv Lipchanskoi ploshchi Zakarpatskoho prohynu). Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 3–4 (164–165), 62–73. [in Ukrainian]

Maksymuk, S. V., & Bodlak, P. M. (2015). Dosvid zastosuvannia heokhimichnykh metodiv pid chas kompleksnykh rozshukovykh robit na naftu i haz u Karpatskomu rehioni. In Fundamentalne znachennia i prykladna rol heolohichnoi osvity i nauky: tezy dopovidei Mizhnarodnoi naukovoi konferentsii, prysviachenoi 70-richchiu heolohichnoho fakultetu Lvivskoho natsionalnoho universytetu imeni Ivana Franka (Lviv, 7–9 zhovtnia 2015 r.) (s. 151–152). Lviv. [in Ukrainian]

Moore, D. M., & Reynolds, Jr. R. C. (1997). X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.

Odriozola, G., Aguilar, J. F., & Lopez-Lemus, J. (2004). Na-montmorillonite hydrates under ethane rich reservoirs: NPzzT and mu PzzT simulations. J. Chem. Phys., 121 (9), 4266−4275.

Park, S. H., & Sposito, G. (2003). Do montmorillonite surfaces promote methane hydrate formation? Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations. J. Phys. Chem. B, 107 (10), 2281−2290.

Petrichenko, O. I. (1977). Atlas mikrovklyuchenii v mineralakh galogennykh porod. Kiev: Naukova dumka. [in Russian]

Petukhov, A. V., Vanyushin, V. A., & Sirotyuk, V. A. (1981). Kompleksnyi analiz dannykh geokhimicheskikh poiskov mestorozhdenii nefti i gaza. Moskva: Nedra. [in Russian]

Polivtsev, A. V., Pomortsev, G. P., & Borkovskii, A. A. (1990). Gazogeokhimicheskie poiski poleznykh iskopaemykh v Karpatskom regione. Kiev: Naukova dumka. [in Russian]

Rajkiran, R. T., & Kartic, C. K. (2008). Upendra Natarajan Synthesis and characterization of novel organo-montmorillonites. Applied Clay Sci., 38, 203–208.

Shaіdetska, V. S. (1997). The geochemіstry of Neogene evaporіtes of Transcarpathіan trough іn Ukraіne. Slovak Geol. Mag., 3 (3), 193–200.

Sharkina, E. V. (1976). Stroenie i svoistva organomineral’nykh soedinenii. Kiev: Naukova dumka. [in Russian]

Shinkarev, A. A., Giniyatullin, K. G., Mel’nikov, L. V., Krinari, G. A., & Gnevashev, S. G. (2007). Organicheskie komponenty glino-metallo-organicheskogo kompleksa pochv lesostepi (teoreticheskie i eksperimental’nye aspekty izucheniya). Kazan’: Kazanskii gosudarstvennyi universitet. [in Russian]

Sokolov, V. A. (1966). Geokhimiya gazov zemnoi kory i atmosfery. Moskva: Nedra. [in Russian]

Sydor, D. (2013). Termobaroheokhimichni umovy formuvannia halohennykh vidkladiv (nyzhnopermskyi Solikamskyi basein). Mineralohichnyi zbirnyk, 63 (2), 14–32. [in Ukrainian]

Vysotskii, E. A., Garetskii, R. G., & Kislik, V. Z. (1988). Kalienosnye basseiny mira. Minsk: Nauka i tekhnika. [in Russian]

Warren, J. K. (2006). Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springe.

Więcław, D., Lytvyniuk, S., Kovalevych, V., & Peryt, T. M. (2008). Inkluzje fluidalne w halicie oraz bituminy w solach ewaporatów mioceńskich ukraińskiego Przedkarpacia jako wskaźnik występowania nagromadzeń węglowodorów w niżej leżących utworach. Przegl. Geol., 56 (9), 837–841.

Yaremchuk, Ya. V., & Hryniv, S. P. (2013). Vplyv orhanichnoi rechovyny na sklad ta henezu hlynystykh mineraliv vidkladiv kamianoi soli Karpatskoho rehionu. Heolohiia i heokhimiia horiuchykh kopalyn, 1–2 (162–163), 60–70. [in Ukrainian]

Zharkov, M. A. (1974). Paleozoiskie solenosnye formatsii Mira. Moskva: Nedra. [in Russian]