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TECTONIC-SEDIMENTARY EVOLUTION OF THE FRONTAL PART OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIAN NAPPE STRUCTURE

Home > Archive > No. 1–2 (183–184) 2021 > 45–59

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1–2 (183–184) 2021, 45–59.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2021.01-02.045

Oleh HNYLKO, Svitlana HNYLKO, Maria KULYANDA, Romana MARCHENKO

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, e-mail: igggk@mail.lviv.ua

Abstract

For the first time in the Ukrainian Carpathians, the depths and tectono-sedimentation processes in the north-eastern part of the Outer Carpathian Basin (Skyba and Boryslav-Pokuttya units) have been restored on the base of sedimentological and microfaunistic studies. It was established that in the Cretaceous-Eocene time, the deep-water (near Calcite Compensation Depth) turbidite and similar sedimentation (turbidites with Bouma textures, grainites, debris-flow deposits), which periodically alternated with (hemi)pelagic sedimentation (red, green and black shales) was dominant here. Sedimentation took place on the continental margin of the the Carpathian branch of the Tethys, where deep-water fans were formed. Cretaceous-Eocene background red and green shales are enriched in buried in situ benthic foraminifera which are similar in taxonomic composition and morphological features to the microfauna of the Carpathian-Alpine and Atlantic regions (deep-water agglutinated foraminifera), which indicate lower bathyal – abyssal depths of flysch sedimentation. Latest Eocene Globigerina Marl horizon contains the foraminiferal assemblage with plankton dominance, which indicates a general shallowing of the Outer Carpathian Basin (middle-upper bathyal conditions above a calcite compensation depth). Oligocene – lowermost Miocene Menilite-Krosno and Polyanytsia formations were accumulated in the Skyba and Boryslav-Pokuttya sub-basins. In the Miocene, shallow-water molasses were accumulated here. Probably, the tectonic uproot of flysch deposits from its substrate and their synsedymentary thrusting towards the platform caused a significant shallowing of the Skyba and Boryslav-Pokuttya sub-basins starting from the latest Eocene. These processes reflected the growth of the Carpathian frontal nappes at the final orogen formation stage.

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Keywords

Ukrainian Carpathians, Skyba and Boryslav-Pokuttya nappes, foraminifera, turbidites

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PROSPECTS OF USING PEATS IN THE LVIV REGION FOR HUMATES EXTRACTION

Home > Archive > No. 1–2 (183–184) 2021 > 76–88

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1–2 (183–184) 2021, 76–88.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2021.01-02.076

Myroslava YAKOVENKO1, Yury KHOKHA2, Oleksandr LYUBCHAK3

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, e-mail: 1myroslavakoshil@ukr.net, 2khoha_yury@ukr.net, 3lubchak1973@ukr.net

Abstract

The paper briefly considers the problems of the Ukraine’s peat industry and identifies the reasons for its decline, including the low quality of peat as an energy source. We assume that the use of peat for briquetting will be stopped in the near future due to economic and political factors. On the other hand, peat can be a source of chemicals and their mixtures that have found application in agriculture and industry. It is known that the addition of sodium humates to the drilling mud improves its rheological properties and makes them environmentally safe, especially when passing through aquifers. We set a goal to determine the geological, technological and geochemical characteristics of peat in the Lviv Region, to establish its suitability for the humic acids extraction and to identify promising deposits for future processing. The study of the peats microelement composition of the Radekhiv district (Lviv Region) showed that the studied peats are not contaminated with heavy metals, as evidenced by the values of pollution indices. It is shown that the content of chemical elements in peats of Lviv Region is less than clarke in the lithosphere, soils and terrestrial plants. There is a tendency to scatter chalcophilic and most siderophilic elements, to a lesser extent lithophilic. Determining the yield of total and free humic acids testified to the possibility of using peat in the Lviv Region to extract humates. The studied samples were characterized by a high content of humic acids in terms of dry weight. Preliminary assessment of deposits suitability for peat extraction was performed according to the following parameters: field reserves, degree of decomposition, humus content and ash content. After constructing maps of these geochemical characteristic’s distribution, we have identified several of the most promising deposits in the Lviv Region: in the Kamyanka-Buzka district – Didylivske and Yarychivske deposits; in the Mykolayiv district – Verbizke, Saikivske, Demnyanske and Trostyanetske.

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Keywords

peat, humic substances, microelements, geochemical analysis, ash content, degree of decomposition.

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SUBSTANDARD CARBON-CONTAINING RAW MATERIALS AND METHODS OF THEIR THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESSING

Home > Archive > No. 1–2 (183–184) 2021 > 89–109

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1–2 (183–184) 2021, 89–109.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2021.01-02.089

Dmytro BRYK, Myroslav PODOLSKYY, Yury KHOKHA, Oleksandr LYUBCHAK, Lesia KULCHYTSKA-ZHYHAYLO, Oleh GVOZDEVYCH

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, e-mail: cencon@ukr.net

Abstract

The analysis of the structure of consumption of primary energy resources in the world and in Ukraine are carried out. It is shown that in recent decades the share of coal is stable at 25–30 % and does not show a tendency to decrease. Similar patterns are observed in Ukraine too. It is established that in Ukraine the energy potential of reserves of substandard carbon-containing raw materials is commensurate with the deposits of conditioned coal and can be used to increase the country’s energy security. At the same time, the deterioration of environmental indicators in the world and in Ukraine requires an increase in the level of environmental safety in the use of carbon-containing raw materials and appropriate environmental modernization of its thermochemical conversion methods.

The paper reviews the methods of thermochemical processing of substandard carbon-containing raw materials (pyrolysis and coking, hydrogenation, gasification) and shows that the gasification process, which allows processing of various substandard fuel resources in terrestrial and underground conditions, is the most promising for environmental safety use. It is shown that developed terrestrial gasification methods are characterized by insufficient productivity of gas generators, significant capital costs for their installation and negative impact on the environment. In addition, terrestrial processing of low-quality coal is not a waste-free technology and does not solve the problem of “secondary” gasification residues recycling . Some of these shortcomings can be eliminated by using the method of underground gasification, in which there is no need to extract coal to the surface, and secondary waste remains underground.

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Keywords

energy resources, carbon-containing raw materials, coal, environmental conversion.

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GEOCHEMICAL FEATURES OF EURASIAN EVAPORITES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF SEAWATER IN PHANEROZOIC

Home > Archive > No. 1–2 (183–184) 2021 > 110–129

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1–2 (183–184) 2021, 110–129.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2021.01-02.110

Аnatoliy GALAMAY, Andriy POBEREZHSKYY, Sofiya HRYNIV, Serhiy VOVNYUK, Dariya SYDOR, Iaroslava IAREMCHUK, Sofiya MAKSYMUK, Oksana OLIYOVYCH-HLADKA, Lyudmila BILYK

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, e-mail: igggk@mail.lviv.ua

Abstract

Studies of evaporites provide new data to characterize the seawater chemistry in the Early Paleozoic and Middle Mesozoic. In particular, we studied the fluid inclusions in halite from Ordovician (China) and Cretaceous (Laos) evaporites. The corresponding sections on the plot of Ca/SO4 oscillations curve in the Phanerozoic seawater are updated. The calcium content in seawater concentrated to halite precipitation stage was 45.6 mol %, 485 million years ago and 24.3 mol % 112.2–93.5 million years ago.

By analyzing the previously published and new factual material, it is established that in Permian evaporites the sulfur isotopic composition is inversely correlated with the sulfate ion content in evaporite basin brines. Thus, the evolution of seawater chemistry in Permian is confirmed by the evolution of the isotopic composition of dissolved seawater sulfate.

According to the generalization of 38 Phanerozoic marine evaporite formations, it was found that the peculiarities of the clay minerals associations correlate with the change of the seawater chemical type. Clay minerals associations precipitated from the SO4-rich seawater are characterized by a larger set of minerals, among which smectite and mixed- layered minerals often occur; Mg-rich clay minerals (corensite, paligorskite, sepiolite, talc) also occur. Instead, in the associations of evaporite clay minerals formed from the Ca-rich seawater are represented by the smaller amount of minerals, and Mg-rich minerals are extremely rare. The increased content of magnesium in seawater of SO4-rich type is the main factor in the formation of Mg-rich silicates in evaporites.

The composition of clay minerals associations depends on the evaporate basin brine concentration; with its increase, unstable minerals are transformed, which theoretically leads to a decrease in the number of minerals in the associations. However, it was found that evaporite deposits of higher stages of brine concentration often still contain unstable clay minerals – products of incomplete transformation of a significant amount of pyroclastic material from coeval volcanic activity.

The main factor determining the composition of clay minerals associations of Phanerozoic evaporites was the seawater (and basin brines) chemical type.

Geochemical studies of scattered organic matter and fluid inclusions with hydrocarbon phase in evaporites of the Upper Pechora Basin (overlying oil and gas deposits) indicate the presence of allochthonous bitumoids and allow to use this method to predict oil and gas potential of other areas. Analysis of the results of oil and gas exploration in a number of areas of the Transcarpathian Trough indicates the presence of fluid-saturated reservoirs and the prospects for the discovery of new accumulations of hydrocarbons. Geochemical studies proved the effectiveness of gas-flow survey method for oil and gas exploration, assessing the prospects for fluid saturation of seismic structures.

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Keywords

fluid inclusions, halit, salt Basin, seawater.

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GEOCHEMISTRY Of FLUIDS: INNOVATIVE SOLUTION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEM

Home > Archive > No. 1–2 (183–184) 2021 > 130–148

Geology & Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals No. 1–2 (183–184) 2021, 130–148.

https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2021.01-02.130

Josyp SVOREN

Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, e-mail: igggk@mail.lviv.ua

Abstract

First of all, has developed a reliable mass spectrometric method for studying fluid inclusions in minerals (on the basis of the author’s certificate of the USSR No. 454446 of 1974 for the invention of the “device for cleaning the content inclusions of solid materials”). Were created and published new scientific directions: 1. Thermobarometry and geochemistry of gases of veinlet-impregnated mineralization in sediments of oil and gas regions and metallogenic provinces. 2. Bowels of the Earth – natural physicochemical reactor. Was developed a “method (technology) for determining the prospects of oil and gas bearing of the local area” and “a method (technology) of local forecasting of enriched areas of gold-ore fields” (together with M. M. Davydenko). Was established unknown before, but objectively existing phenomenon of the material world: 1) “lack of molecular hydrogen in inclusions in minerals in the bowels of the planet Earth” (together with V. A. Kaliuzhny). Independently were established: 2) previously unknown “property of deep abiogenic methane-termobar high-temperature fluid decompose-convert natural organic residues into layers of coal with their simultaneous methane saturation and its conservation in the earth’s crust of the planet Earth”; 3) previously unknown natural “phenomenon of arbitrary formation of natural carbon methane in the coal layers of the earth’s crust of the planet Earth under the influence of abiogenic methane-containing high-temperature fluid with their conservation in them”; 4) previously unknown different chemical properties of carbon isotopes in natural processes of synthesis-formation of various carbon-containing compounds …; 5) “previously unknown pattern of natural processes of synthesis of perfect diamond crystals from astenospheric carbon dioxide ions…”. Was justified “a new way to determine the calorification of natural gas supplied to consumers and its cubic-metre barometry”.

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Keywords

geochemistry, fluid inclusions, veinlet-impregnated mineralization, deep abiogenic methane-bearing high-termobaric fluid, searches, new technologies, cubic-metre-barometry, scientific discovery.

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Svoren’, J. M. (2020d). Various Chemical Properties of Carbon Isotopes in Natural Synthesis of Different Compounds. Journal of Geological Resource and Engineering, 8, 20–23. https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-2193/2020.01.002

Svoren’, J. M. (2021). Subsoil Natural Physico-chemical Reactor: The Property of Deep Abiogenic Methane-Containing High-Thermobaric Fluid to Form Coal Seams. Journal of Geological Resource and Engineering, 9, 25–28. https://doi.org/10.17265/2328-2193/2021.01.003

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